Chapter 5 Flashcards
How many Bostonians were killed when a crowd gathered outside the Boston customs house while protesting a British Soldier’s behavior?
Four
Who was George Robert Twelve Hewes?
Political Activist against British Soldier Brutality
How many British Troops were in Boston around 1770?
Four Thousand
When did the Seven Years War last?
1756-1763
What was the Seven Years War known as to Anglo-Americans, and who won the war?
French and Indian War, Britain and colonies defeated France
What was the occupation of Thomas Hutchinson?
MA Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice
When did King George’s War end?
1748
What happened in a diplomatic revolution?
Australia shifted its allegiance from Britain to France
What geographic area was the center of conflict during 1750-1754?
Ohio River Valley
What did the French do to the Ohio Country in 1753?
Built a chain of forts
What was George Washington’s Occupation at 21?
Surveyor and Speculator
What did the French do in 1754?
The Troops drove the Virginians back to their homes
Where did seven colonies send their delegates to negotiate a treaty with the six nation Iroquois o 1754?
Albany Congress
How were the Iroquois bound to the British before 1754?
Covenant Chain and Grand Settlement of 1701
Whose ideas were the basis for the Albany Plan of Union?
Ben Franklin and Tom Hutchinson
Which council represented all the colonies?
Grand Council
What would the Grand Council develop?
Coordinated Policies regarding military defense and Indian affairs
Who did the British dispatch to seize Fort Duquesne at the headwaters of Ohio?
General Edward James Braddock
What happened of July 9th, 1755?
600 Natives and 250 French and Canadians ambushed Braddock’s force of 2,200 Britons and Virginians
What was Braddock’s troops response to the ambush of 1755?
To retreat
Which French armed tribes struck the settlers in Western, Penn, Maryland, and Virginia?
Shawnees, Delawares, and Mingos
Which places were captured by the French and Natives in 1756 and 1757?
Fort Oswego and Lake Ontario - 1756
Fort William Henry on Lake George - 1757
What did the Iroquois and most Ohio Indians begin to anger at?
The French Treatment of them
When did the Iroquois and Ohio Indians abandon the French?
1758
What did the withdrawal of the Iroquois and Ohio Indians enable the British to do?
Capture Fort Duquesne and other French Forts
Who reinvigorated British Patriotism throughout the Empire?
William Pitt
Why did Pitt not send large numbers of additional troops to America?
He believed that the key to crushing New France lay in the mobilization of colonial soldiers
Who would bear most of the cost of fighting the Seven years War?
Parliament
Who were the Anglo-Americans under when they captured Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg in 1758
General Jeffery Amherst
What happened in September 1759?
General James Wolfe defeated the French commander in chief, Louis Joseph Montcalm
When did French Resistance end?
1760 when Montreal surrendered
When did the French try to capture Newfoundland?
June 1762
What officially ended the Seven Years War?
When America ad Europe signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763
What did the Treaty of Paris do?
All land E. of MI River to Britain (except New Orleans)
Spain ceded Florida to Britain
What did the Treaty of San Illdefonso do?
France ceded vast territory to Spain
After the Seven Years War, which Franco-Americans were the most adversely affected?
Acadians
When Britain took over Acadia in 1713, what did they rename it?
Nova Scotia
WHat did Nova Scotia’s government order?
All Acadians to swear loyalty to Britain and not to bear arms for France
What were the descendants of deported Acadians known as?
Cajuns
What did Colonial Soldiers complain?
British Officers treated them as slaves
How much did Britain’s debt rise during the war?
Nearly Doubled
What was the Anglo-Americans’ “consumer revolution”?
Colonists’ purchases of British goods fueled Britain’s economy
When did King George III rule reign?
1760-1820
What did Amherst do to confirm the Indian fear of being treated as subjects rather than allies?
Cut expenses by refusing to distribute food, ammunition, and other gifts
Who was Neolin?
A prophet who reported that he was instructed to urge Natives to unify and to repudiate European culture, material goods, and alliances
What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?
When the Ottawa Pontiac forged an explicitly anti-British movement, and sacked 8 British forts near the great lakes in 1763
What prevented uprising in the Southeast and the MI Valley?
British diplomacy
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
Issued by George III, to assert direct British control of land transactions, settlement, trade, and other activities of non-Indians west of a line along the Appalachian crest.
How did the proclamation of 1763 anger colonies?
By subordinating their western claims to imperial authority and by slowing expansion
What was the writ of assistance to seize illegally imported goods?
Search warrant that permitted customs officials to enter any ship or building where smuggled goods might be hidden
What was the writ of assistance described as by colonists?
Unconstitutional
Who was hired to challenge the writ of assistance?
James Otis
Why did Tom Hutchinson not pass Otis’s argument against warrants?
They had the same warrants in England
When was the Sugar Act passed by Parliament?
1764
Who was the British prime minister who ordered the Navy to enforce the Sugar Act?
George Grenville
When did Americans smuggle molasses until?
1766
What did the rates of Britons average at in 1765?
26 Shillings
When was the Stamp Act enforced?
March 1765
What did the Stamp Act oblige?
Colonists to purchase and use special stamped paper for all official documents
What was the duty of an internal tax?
To raise revenue for the crown and affect many more people
What was the duty of an external tax?
Intended to regulate trade and fell mainly on merchants and ship captains
Who objected to Britain’s levying an internal tax on the colonists?
William Pitt
What did Grenville and his supporters deny?
That the colonists were entitled to any exemption from British taxation because they elected their own assemblies
How did colonists feel about the Stamp Act?
It forced them either to confront the issue of parliamentary taxation head on or to surrender any claim to meaningful rights of self-government
What did James Otis argue opposing the Sugar Act?
That the colonists assumed that the empire was a loose federation in which their legislatures possessed considerable autonomy, rather than an extended nation governed directly from London
What did the Stamp Act demonstrate to the colonists?
Parliament’s indifference to their interests and the shallowness of the theory of virtual representation
What did Patrick Henry do in May 1765?
Urged the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions denying Parliament’s power to tax the colonies
How many of Patrick Henry’s resolutions did Parliament pass?
4 out of 7
What did the Loyal Nine do?
They recognized the stamp distributers as the weak link, and wanted the public to pressure them into resigning before the day taxes were due
How was Boston struggling after and before the seven years war?
Shipbuilding Industry was losing ground
British Impressment of MA fisherman undermined the fishing industry
Had to recover from the great fire in 1760
What did Ebenezer MacIntosh do?
Lead hundreds of Bostonians to demolish Andrew Oliver’s new building, Oliver resigned due to the crowds
What other significant building did Bostonian crowds destroy?
The home of Tom Hutchinson
Did Tom Hutchinson support or oppose the Stamp Act?
Secretly opposed
What did the Sons of Liberty focus their actions on?
Strictly against property and invariably left avenues of escape for their victims
What did New York merchants do to force the Stamp Act repeal on October 31, 1765?
Agreed to boycott all British goods
Why did the Marquis of Rockingham hesitate to advocate repeal of the Stamp Act after the boycotts?
Because the overwhelming majority within Parliament was outraged at colonial defiance of the law
When did Parliament finally revoke the Stamp Act?
March 1766
What did the Declaratory Act do?
Affirmed Parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
How did the House of Commons intend to take the Declaratory Act?
Literally, meaning that they could not claim exemption from any parliamentary statute, including a tax law
What did John Locke argue?
That each man had enjoyed the natural rights of life, liberty, and property
What did Locke’s concept of natural rights justify?
Opposition to arbitrary legislation by Parliament
What did Parliament form?
The foundation of England’s unique political liberties and protected those liberties against inherent corruption and tyranny of executive power
What did the lasting members of parliament believe they had created?
Self-interested “factions” and joined in a conspiracy against liberty
Which group of people tried to stay neutral or opposed to the protests against Protestant sermons?
Anglican ministers
What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe?
Humans had a sacred social contract
What was direct democracy?
Everyone could participate in government
What were people that didn’t participate in government called?
Idiots
People began to call themselves Republicans in 1760’s, what did they become known as?
Oppositionists
What did the country of Whigs soon believe?
That England should directly represent their colonists
What did the Quatering Acts do?
British had the right to house British troops in private barracks
Colonial tax had to be raised to support the troops
Quartering of troops was strictly prohibited in the English Bill of Rights
Who was elected the Minister of Exchequer in England?
Charles Townshend
What did the Revenue Acts do?
Taxed colonial lead, paint, glass, iron goods and tea
How does Townshend bring enforcement of the taxes?
By reforming the customs houses
Who had Townshend appointed the Royal governor of MA
Tom Hutchinson
Who wrote “Letter from a Penn Farmer”
John Dickinson
What did Letter from a Penn Farmer say?
Parliament had no right to tax the colonies
“No taxation without representation”
When did colonists begin to view themselves as Americans?
When they began to boycott British tea and smuggle Dutch Tea which created new American businesses
When were the Townshend Acts repealed?
1769
What was the smuggling of tea doing?
Killing the British East India Company
What did Townshend believe?
That the colonists would accept external taxes
Who formed the sewing circles?
Abigail Adams
Who was John Wilkes?
A newspaper editor that spoke out against the king and the elites and called King George a tyrant
Once Wilkes was brought to St. Georgia’s Prison, what happened?
20,000 - 40,000 people begin a massive protest at St. George’s Field
What was the reason for the repeal of the Townshend Acts?
76% decline in British Goods
When did the Boston Massacre takes place?
March 5, 1770
Who painted the famous painting bout the Boston Massacre?
Paul Revere
What committee begin to form as a result of the Boston Massacre?
Committee of Correspondence
What was the deathbed confession of John Adams?
He believed the Americans fired the first shot
Where were the British soldiers of the Boston Massacre acquitted?
A Boston Courtroom
When did the Boston Tea Party take place?
December 17, 1773
When did Lord North issue the Coercive Acts?
July 1774
What did the Justice Act do?
Said that any British soldier charged with killing an American colonist would be tried in England
What did the Quebec Act entail?
Allowed French Canadians to settle in the ORV
Recognized the Catholic Church in Canada
Who put MA under martial law?
Thomas Gage
What did Dunmore’s Proclamation do?
Granted slaves freedom if they remained loyal to the king
When was the 1st Continental Congress held?
September 1774
What did the Suffolk Revolves say?
The people of MA should take every precaution for protection
Who were the minutemen?
MA militia established in 1775
Who along with Paul Revere warned that the British were coming?
Samuel Dawes
Who won the battle at Concord Bridge?
The colonists
When was the second continental congress held?
May 1775
What did the Olive Branch petition ask for from King George III?
cease fired in Boston
Reestablishment of American government and rights
English repeal of the Coercive Acts
Who led the militias when they captured Fort Ticonderoga?
Ethan Allen
Who was sent to enforce the coercive Acts in Boston?
Thomas Gage
When Gage was order by WIlliam Howe to find higher ground in Boston, where did he go to?
Dorchester Heights and Charlestown
Where did the Battle of Bunker Hill take place?
Breed’s Hill
Who wins the battle of Norfolk Bridge?
The Virginia Militia
Who captures Montreal in September 1775?
New York and MA militia
Who laid siege to Quebec?
Putnam and Benedict
What did Benedict Arnold have against George Washington?
Washington was never able to support them when laying siege to Quebec
Who dragged 60 canons 300 miles using sleds?
Henry Knocks
When Lord Howe evacuated Boston, where did he take all of the British troops?
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Who wrote Common Sense?
Thomas Paine
What did Common Sense say?
Listed all the grievances of the colonists
Suggests Monarchy is evil
Portrays king as a tyrant
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
What were the advantages of the British Army?
Professional Paid Better Trained Hessians German Mercenaries British Navy
What was the advantage of the american army?
They had the motivation to fight`
Who was the reason that America won the war?
George Washington
Who won the war in the south?
Nathaniel Grene
