Chapter 5 Flashcards
Which of the following clinical signs would be most obvious on examination of a patient with either tetralogy of Fallot or transposition of the great vessels? (A) Sweaty palms (B) Lack of femoral artery pulse (C) Pulmonary hypertension (D) Cyanosis (E) Diffuse red rash
D. Marked cyanosis is a distinct clinical sign in both tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great vessels. Any congenital cardiac malformation that allows right-to-left shunting of blood is sometimes called cyanotic heart disease. Right-to-left shunting allows poorly oxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to mix with highly oxygenated blood on the left side of the heart. This causes decreased oxygen tension to peripheral tissues, leading to a characteristic blue tinge (cyanosis) and bulbous thickening of the fingers and toes (clubbing).
3. Which of the following congenital cardiovascular malformations is most commonly associated with maternal rubella infection? (A) Isolated dextrocardia (B) Patent ductus arteriosus (C) Persistent truncus arteriosus (D) Coarctation of the aorta (E) Double aortic arch
B. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common congenital cardiac malformation associated with rubella infection of the mother. It is unclear how the rubella virus acts to cause PDA.
The most common atrial septal defect (ASD)
seen clinically is
(A) common atrium
(B) foramen secundum defect
(C) premature closure of the foramen ovate
(D) persistent truncus arteriosus
(E) probe patency of the foramen ovale
B. The most common ASD is foramen secundum defect, which is caused by excessive resorption
of the septum primum or the septum secundum. ibis results in an opening between the atria
(patent foramen ovale). Some of these defects may remain undiagnosed and may be tolerated for
a long time (up to age 30 before the person presents clinically).
Which of the three primary germ layers forms the histologically definitive endocardium of the adult heart? (A) Ectoderm (B) Endoderm (C) Mesoderm (D) Epiblast (E) Hypoblast
C. The entire cardiovascular system is of mesodermal origin.
Which of the following is responsible for the proper alignment of the atrioventricular canal and the conoventricular canal? (A) Lateral folding of the embryo (B) Craniocaudal folding of the embryo (C) Programmed cell migration (D) Formation of the AP septum (E) Dextral looping
E. Dextral looping aligns these two canals through early looping, convergence, wedging, and
repositioning. This is especially important in correcting the unusual blood flow pattern in the
primitive heart tube where venous blood flows into the left ventricle prior to the right ventricle.
A 9-year-old boy presents with complaints
of numbness and tingling in both feet.
Examination reveals no pulse in the femoral
artery, increased blood pressure in the arteries
of the upper extremity, and enlarged intercostal
veins, Which of the following abnormalities
would be suspected?
(A) Double aortic arch
(B) Tetralogy of Fallot
(C) Postductal coarctation of the aorta
(D) Right aortic arch
(E) Abnormal origin of the right subclavian
artery
C. No pulse in the femoral artery, increased blood pressure in the arteries of the upper
extremity, enlarged intercostal veins, and numbness and tingling in both feet are clinical symptoms indicative of postductal coarctation of the aorta. Because of the constriction of the aorta,
the blood supply to the lower extremity is compromised.
The coronary sinus is derived from which of the following? (A) Truncus arteriosus (B) Bulbus cordis (C) Primitive ventricle (D) Primitive atrium (E) Sinus venosus
E. The coronary sinus is derived from the sinus venosus.
The conus arteriosus is derived from which of the following? (A) Truncus arteriosus (B) Bulbus cordis (C) Primitive ventricle (D) Primitive atrium (E) Sinus venosus
B. The smooth part of the right ventricle, known as the conus arteriosus, is derived from the
bulbus cordis.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a cardiac malformation that involves which of the following septa? (A) Aorticopulmonary septum (B) Atrial septum (C) Atrioventricular septum (D) Interventricular septum
A. Tetralogy of Fallot involves the aorticopulmonary septum.
A failure of the tricuspid leaflets to attach to the annulus fibrosus results in which of the following? (A) Persistent truncus arteriosus (B) Ebstein's anomaly (C) Transposition of the great arteries (D) Common ventricle (E) Tricuspid atresia
B. Failure of fusion of the tricuspid leaflets with the annulus fibrosus results in Ebstein’s
anomaly.
The arteries to the upper extremity are derived from which of the following? (A) Posterolateral arteries (B) Lateral arteries (C) Ventral arteries
A. Arteries to the upper extremity are derived from posterolateral branches of the dorsal aorta.
The gonadal arteries are derived from which of the following? (A) Posterolateral arteries (B) Lateral arteries (C) Ventral arteries
B. The gonadal arteries are derived from lateral branches of the dorsal aorta.
A portion of the arch of the aorta is derived from which of the following? (A) Aortic arch 1 (B) Aortic arch 2 (C) Aortic arch 3 (D) Aortic arch 4 (E) Aortic arch 6
D. Part of the arch of the aorta is derived from aortic arch 4.
The proximal part of the right subclavian
artery is derived from which of the following?
(A) Aortic arch 1
(B) Aortic arch 2
(C) Aortic arch 3
(D) Aortic arch 4
(E) Aortic arch 6
D. The proximal part of the right subclavian artery is derived from aortic arch 4.
The renal veins are derived from which of the following? (A) Vitelline veins (B) Umbilical veins (C) Anterior cardinal veins (D) Posterior cardinal veins (E) Subcardinal veins
E. The renal veins are derived from the subcardinal veins.
