Chapter 5

Question 1

Apparent movement

Answer 1

An illusion of movement that occurs when two objects separated in space are presented rapidly, one after another, separated by a brief time interval

Question 2

Bayesian inference

Answer 2

A statistical approach to perception in which perception is determined by taking probabilities into account. These probabilities are based on past experiences in perceiving properties of objects and scenes

Question 3

Binocular rivalry

Answer 3

A S

Question 4

Binocular rivalry

Answer 4

A situation in which one image is presented to the left eye, a different image is presented to the right eye and perception alternates back and fourth between the two images

Question 5

Broader ownership

Answer 5

When two areas share a border, as occurs in figure ground displays, the border is usually perceived as belonging to the figure

Question 6

Decoder

Answer 6

A computer program that can predict the most likely stimulus based on the voxel activation patterns that were previously observed in the calibration phase of neural mind reading.

Question 7

Expertise hypothesis

Answer 7

The idea that human proficiency in perceiving certain things can be explained by changes in the brain caused by long exposure, practice, or training.

Question 8

Extrastraiate body area

Answer 8

An area of the temporal lobe that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies.

Question 9

FIgural cues

Answer 9

Visual cue that determines how an image is segregated into figure and ground

Question 10

Figure

Answer 10

When an object is seen as separate from the background, it is called a figure.

Question 11

Figure-ground segregation

Answer 11

The perceptual separation of an object from its background.

Question 12

Fusiform face area

Answer 12

An area in the human inferotemporal cortex that contains neurons that are specialized to respond to faces.

Question 13

Geons

Answer 13

According to recognition by components theory, individual geometric components that comprise objects.

Question 14

Gestalt psychologist

Answer 14

An approach to psychology that developed as a reaction to structuralism. The gestalt approach proposes principles of perceptual organization and figure ground segregation and states that the whole is different than the sum of its parts.

Question 15

Gist of a scene

Answer 15

General description of a scene. People can identify most scenes after viewing them from only a fraction of a second, as when they flip rapidly from one TV channel to another. It takes longer to identify the details within the scene.

Question 16

Global image features

Answer 16

Information that may enable observers to rapidly perceive the gist of a scene. Features associated with specific types of scenes include degree of openness, degree of roughness, degree of expansion, and color.

Question 17

Ground

Answer 17

In object perception, the background is called the ground

Question 18

Grouping

Answer 18

In perceptual organization, the process by which visual events are put together into units or objects

Question 19

Illusory contour

Answer 19

CONTOUR THAT IS PERCEIVED EVEN THOUGH IT IS NOT PRESENT IN THE PHYSICAL STIMULUS

Question 20

Inverse projection problem

Answer 20

The idea that a particular image on the retina could have been caused y an infinite number of different objects. This means that the retinal image does not unambiguously specify a stimulus

Question 21

Lateral occipital complex

Answer 21

Area of the brain that is active when a person views any kind of object, such as an animal, face house or tool but not when they view a texture, or an object with the parts scrambled

Question 22

Light from above assumption

Answer 22

The assumption that light usually comes from above, which influences our perception of form in some situations

Question 23

Likelihood

Answer 23

In Bayesian inference, the axtent to which the available evidence is consistent with a particular outcome.

Question 24

Likelihood

Answer 24

In Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with a particular outcome

Question 25

Likelihood principle

Answer 25

The idea proposed by helm holds that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Question 26

Multivoxel pattern analysis

Answer 26

In neural mind reading a technique in which the pattern of activated voxels is used to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking

Question 27

Neural mind reading

Answer 27

Using a neural response using brain activation measured by FMRI to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking

Question 28

Object recognition

Answer 28

The ability to identify objects

Question 29

Parahippocampal place area

Answer 29

An area in the temporal lobe that is activated by indoor and outdoor scenes.

Question 30

Perceptual organization

Answer 30

The process which small elements become perceptually grouped into larger objects.

Question 31

Persistence of vision

Answer 31

A phenomenon in which perception of any stimulus persists for about 250 ms after the stimulus isn physically terminated.

Question 32

Physical regularities

Answer 32

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment for example there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than obli

Question 33

Pragnanz

Answer 33

A gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Also called the principle of goood figure or the principle of simplicity

Question 34

Predictive coding

Answer 34

A theory that describes how the brain uses our past experiences to predict what we will perceive.

Question 35

Predictive coding

Answer 35

A theory that describes how the brain uses our past experiences to predict what we will perceive.

Question 36

Regularities in the environment

Answer 36

Characteristics of the environment that occur regularly and in many different situations

Question 37

Reversible figure ground

Answer 37

A figure ground pattern that perpetually reverses as it is viewed so that the figure becomes the ground and the ground becomes the figure. The best known reversible figure ground pattern is rubins vase face pattern

Question 38

Scene schema

Answer 38

An observers knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. An observers attention is affected by knowledge of what is usually found in the scene.

Question 39

Segregation

Answer 39

The process of separating one area or object form another.

Question 40

Semantic Regularities

Answer 40

Characteristics associated with the functions associated with different types of scenes. These characteristics are learned from experience. For example, most people are aware of the kinds of activities and objects that are usually associated with kitchens.

Question 41

Semantic regularities

Answer 41

Characteristics associated with the functions associated with different types of scenes. These characteristics are learned from experience. For example, most people are aware of the kinds of activities and objects that are usually associated with kitchens.

Question 42

Spatial layout hypothesis

Answer 42

Proposal that the Parahippocampal cortex responds to the surface geopmetry or geometric layout of a scene.

Question 43

Structuralism

Answer 43

The approach to psych, prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that postulated that perceptions result from the summation of many elementary sensations. The Gestalt approach to perception was, in part, a reaction to structuralism.

Question 44

Unconscious inference

Answer 44

The idea proposed by helmhots that some of our perceptions are the result of uncounscious assumptions that we make about the environment

Question 45

Viewpoint invariance

Answer 45

The condition in which object properties dont change when viewed from different angles. Responsible for our ability to recognize objects when viewed from different angles.

Question 46

Visual masking stimulus

Answer 46

A visual pattern that, when presented immediately after a visual stimulus decreases a persons ability to perceive the stimulus. This stops the persistence of vision and therefore limits the effective duration of the stimulus.