Chapter 5

Question 1

Theories of Comparative Policing

Answer 1

1. Alertness to Crime theory
2. Economic or Migration Theory
3. Opportunity Theory
4. Demographic Theory
5. Deprivation Theory
6. Modernization Theory
7. Anomie and Synomie Theory

Question 2

hold that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems.

Answer 2

Alertness to Crime theory

Question 3

holds that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

Answer 3

Economic and Migration Theory

Question 4

holds that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belonging, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

Answer 4

Opportunity Theory

Question 5

holds that when the event occurs when a great number of children are born, as the baby boom grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.

Answer 5

Demographic Theory

Question 6

holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.

Answer 6

Deprivation Theory

Question 7

holds that (and this is an oversimplification) that the basic problem is society becoming too complex.

Answer 7

Modernization theory

Question 8

suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together (anomie), but in other cases, people can come together and achieve social consensus or social cohesion over values (synomie).

Answer 8

Anomie and Synomie Theory

Question 9

police work emphasizes police-initiated activities of the individual officers and the department. Developing a response to a crime or another problem that is designed to keep a crime from occurring is proactive. Example: undercover decoy programs, stakeouts, etc.

Answer 9

Proactive

Question 10

police work is more on a response to a problem by police when assistance is specifically requested by citizens. Responding to specific problems based on citizen’s requests and following up on those problems are reactive responses.

Answer 10

Reactive

Question 11

POLICING POLICY MODELS

Answer 11

1. Crime Control Model
2. Due Process Model

Question 12

is based on the presumption that the repression of criminal behavior is the most important aspect of police duty and therefore should be given priority.
This approach has been rationalized in the past by the assumption that inconvenience or harassment of innocent people can be justified by the fact that police are fighting crime

Answer 12

Crime control model

Question 13

When due process is the primary object of policing, police policy is that is far better than 100 guilty men escape justice rather than one innocent person be convicted.

Answer 13

Due Process Model

Question 14

Legal System

Answer 14

Another fundamental construct influencing policing is the legal system of a country. A variety of legal systems exist in the world. The main issue here is that law, linked to politics, will determine the police mandate. To compare policing agencies, one should understand on what legal basis they operate.

1. Common Law System
2. Civil Law System
3. Socialist Systems
4. Islamic System

Question 15

Also known asAnglo-American justice.
They exist in most English-speaking countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and former British colonies in Africa.
They are distinguished by a strongadversarial systemwhere lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent (orstare decisis).
Common law systems are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided cases).
They rely primarily upon oral systems of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.

Answer 15

Common Law System

Question 16

Also known asContinental justice, Romano-Germanic justice, or Roman law.
It is the largest and most prevalent system of justice in the world.
It is distinguished by a stronginquisitorial processwhere less rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
For example, a French maxim goes like this: “If a judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence.”
The sovereign, or leaders of a civil law system are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law.

Answer 16

Civil Law System

Question 17

Also known asMarxist–Leninist or Communist justice.
It exists in many places, such as Africa and Asia, and parts of Latin America, anywhere where there has been Communist revolution or the remnants of one.
Producers designed to forcibly rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state distinguish it.
It is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind.
It is alsoprimarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions.

Answer 17

Socialist Systems

Question 18

Also known asMuslim or Arabic justice.
It derives all of its procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran.
It is the only legal tradition in the word which considers all law to be of divine origin.
Most Islamic law is in the form of command, orders, or directives which govern the whole lifestyle of a person.

Answer 18

Islamic System

Question 19

Court Systems of the World are of Two Types:

Answer 19

1. Adversarial
2. Inquisitorial
3. Mixed system

Question 20

Where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
Assumes that the best way to get to the truth of a matter is through a competitive process to determine the facts and application of the law accurately.

Answer 20

Adversarial

Question 21

Where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have more secret procedures.
It is characterized by extensive pre-trial investigation and interrogations with the objective to avoid bringing an innocent person to trial.

Answer 21

Inquisitorial

Question 22

means the power of planning and decision-making is exclusively in the hands of top management. It alludes to the concentration of all powers to the apex level.

Answer 22

Centralized

Question 23

refers to the dissemination of powers by the top management to the middle or low-level management. It is the delegation of authority, at all levels of management.

Answer 23

Decentralized

Question 24

Policing Models

Answer 24

1. Reactive (traditional) policing
2. Predictive policing
3. Problem-Orientated Policing (POP)
4. Community-Oriented Policing
5. Reassurance Policing
6. Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment (SARA)
7. Intelligence-led Policing

Question 25

police respond when a call comes in stating that a crime has occurred. Upon arrival the patrol service takes a report then pass the investigation over to the detectives’ branch. At this point, the patrol service officer(s) would return to their patrol vehicle or station, awaiting their next callout.

Answer 25

Reactive (traditional) Policing

Question 26

refers to the usage of predictive and analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential offenders.

Answer 26

Predictive policing

Question 27

has an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from happening. This policing model has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and how crimes are being committed.

Answer 27

Problem-Orientated Policing

Question 28

focuses on police building ties and working closely with members of the communities within their AOR.The officers will make their presence known and also rely on community members to report any suspicious behavior or tips on criminals in the area. This method creates a relationship and engenders an element of trust.

Answer 28

Community-Oriented Policing

Question 29

to identify “signals”, and involve the community in solving community-related problems (similar to the community policing). Signal crimes are those that shape a community’s perception of risk from particular types of crime during a given period.

Answer 29

Reassurance Policing

Question 30

refers to four key steps in the problem solving and decision-making processes.
a)Scanninginvolves looking for patterns of problem activities, including victims, locations and types of crimes.
b)Analysis, which includes looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified.
c) After theRESPONSEis implemented, an ongoingASSESSMENTis required to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and adjust as appropriate.

Answer 30

Scanning Analysis Response and Assessment (SARA)

Question 31

built around risk assessment and management, ILP is defined as “a strategic, future-oriented, targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis & management of persisting and developing problems or risks.”

Answer 31

Intelligence-led Policing