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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the integumentary system cover?

A

The integumentary system covers the entire external surface of the body.

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2
Q

State the five functions of the Skin?

A

The skin functions as a protective barrier, regulates body temperature, provides sensory information, synthesizes vitamin D, and plays a role in immune defense.

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3
Q

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

A

The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis.

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4
Q

What is the inner layer of the skin?

A

The inner layer of the skin is the dermis.

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5
Q

What is the most inner layer of the skin?

A

hypodermis layer

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6
Q

What is the most inner layer of the skin?

A

Hypodermis layer

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7
Q

What is the Epidermis made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium.

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8
Q

State the four major types of cells in the Epidermis?

A

The four major types of cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells

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9
Q

State the five cell layers in the epidermis?

A

The five cell layers in the epidermis are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.

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10
Q

How much does the Keratinocytes make up the Epidermis?

A

90%

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11
Q

What do Keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratinocytes produce the protein keratin, which provides structural strength to the skin.

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12
Q

What does Keratinocytes protect?

A

Keratinocytes protect the skin from mechanical damage, water loss, and pathogens.

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13
Q

What do the Melanocytes do in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin, responsible for skin color and UV protection.

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14
Q

How much melanocytes consist of the epidermis?

A

8%

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15
Q

where are melanocytes most found at?

A

Melanocytes are most concentrated in the stratum basale.

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16
Q

What do the Langerhans cells originate from?

A

Langerhans cells originate from bone marrow.

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17
Q

Where do the Langerhans cells migrate to?

A

Langerhans cells migrate to the epidermis.

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18
Q

What do the Langerhans cells do?

A

Langerhans cells play a role in immune responses

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19
Q

Which of the four cells are least numerous?

A

Merkel cells are the least numerous among the four cell types.

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20
Q

Where are the merkel cells in the epidermis?

A

Merkel cells are found in the stratum basale.

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21
Q

What does the merkel cell do?

A

Merkel cells function in the sensation of touch and pressure.

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22
Q

What cells does the stratum basale contain?

A

Contains melanocytes & Merkel cells.

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23
Q

What cellular layer is the deepest?

A

The stratum basale is the deepest cellular layer of the epidermis.

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24
Q

What cells does the Stratum spinosum contain?

A

Langerhans cells & projections of melanocytes.

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25
Q

What does the Stratum granulosum consist of in terms of its structure?

A

3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes

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26
Q

Can you state the cellular layers of the epidermis?

A

The cellular layers of the epidermis, from deepest to outermost, are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

remember this as BSGLC

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27
Q

What do the cells in Stratum granulosum contain?

A

Cells contain keratohyalin (protein) & lamellar granules.

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28
Q

What do lamellar granules secrete?

A

Lamellar granules in the Stratum granulosum secrete lipids that waterproof the skin.

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29
Q

Where is the Stratum lucidum located?

A

The Stratum lucidum is located in thick skin, such as the palms and soles.

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30
Q

What does the Stratum lucidum consist of in terms of structure?

A

The Stratum lucidum consists of clear, flattened, dead keratinocytes.

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31
Q

What is the difference between stratum lucidum and stratum corneum?

A

Stratum lucidum is a thin, clear layer found in thick skin, while stratum corneum is the outermost layer composed of dead, keratinized cells.

32
Q

State the structure of the stratum corneum?

A

The stratum corneum is composed of multiple layers of dead, flattened, keratinized cells.

33
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Accumulation of more and more protective keratin.

34
Q

What is dandruff?

A

An excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp.

35
Q

What does the dermis skin layer contain?

A

The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and connective tissue

36
Q

State the two regions of the dermis layer?

A

The two regions of the dermis are the papillary region and the reticular region.

37
Q

How much does the papillary region make up in the dermis?

A

1/5 of the upper part of the dermis

38
Q

What does the papillary region contain in the dermis?

A

capillaries, free nerve endings and Meissner’s corpuscles.

39
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

tiny nerve endings that sense touch and vibration in hairless skin, such as fingertips and lips

40
Q

What does the reticular region contain?

A

collagen fibers ,elastic fibers and Pacinian corpuscles

41
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Pacinian corpuscles are sensory receptors in the skin that detect deep pressure and vibration.

42
Q

When do stretch marks appear in the reticular region?

A

Stretch marks appear in the reticular region when the skin is stretched beyond its elastic capacity.

43
Q

What increases the rate of melanin production?

A

Exposure to UV radiation increases the rate of melanin production.

44
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin.

45
Q

What is albinism?

A

Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a complete lack of melanin production, resulting in a lack of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes.

46
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Vitiligo is a condition where patches of skin lose their pigment, leading to white or depigmented areas.

47
Q

How is hair pigment made?

A

Hair pigment is made by melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle, transferring melanin to the hair cells.

48
Q

what the three types of sweat glands

A

The three types of sweat glands are eccrine glands, apocrine glands, and ceruminous glands.

49
Q

What are Eccrine sweat glands sweat made from?

A

Sweat is composed of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, & lactic acid (pH 4-6).

50
Q

What is the function of Eccrine sweat glands ?

A

Eccrine sweat glands help regulate body temperature through evaporative cooling.

51
Q

When does Eccrine sweat glands begin to function?

A

Eccrine sweat glands begin to function shortly after birth.

52
Q

Where does the Eccrine sweat glands release?

A

glands emptying into a pore (e.g., palms, soles, forehead

53
Q

Where does the Apocrine sweat glands release?

A

empty into hair follicles

54
Q

What does the Apocrine sweat made from?

A

contains lipids & proteins

55
Q

What are Ceruminous glands?

A

Are modified apocrine glands found in skin lining the external ear canal.

56
Q

What do Ceruminous glands secrete?

A

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, commonly known as earwax.

57
Q

What is the function of Ceruminous glands?

A

The function of Ceruminous glands is to protect the ear canal by trapping dust and repelling insects.

58
Q

What happens to a hair follicle in the growth stage? (Anagen)

A

In the growth stage (anagen), the hair follicle actively produces hair.

59
Q

What happens to a hair follicle in the regression stage? (Catagen)

A

the matrix cell stops producing

60
Q

What happens to a hair follicle in the resting stage?

A

In the resting stage (telogen), the hair follicle is dormant, and no new hair is produced.

61
Q

What happens to the hair follicle after the resting stage?

A

After the resting stage, the hair follicle reenters the growth stage, and a new hair begins to form.

62
Q

State the stages of the hair follicle growth cycle?

A

The stages of the hair follicle growth cycle are anagen (growth), catagen (regression), and telogen (resting).

63
Q

What is an Arrector pili muscle?

A

An Arrector pili muscle is a small muscle attached to hair follicles, causing hair to stand erect (goosebumps) when contracted.

64
Q

What does the Sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum

65
Q

What is the function of Sebaceous glands?

A

The function of Sebaceous glands is to lubricate the skin and hair, preventing them from drying out.

66
Q

What are nails made of?

A

hard, keratinized epidermal cells

67
Q

What is the nail’s function?

A

Nails function to protect the distal phalanx & aid in grasping.

68
Q

What parts of the body’s temperature are constant?

A

The core body temperature, mainly in the internal organs, remains relatively constant.

69
Q

What parts of the body’s temperature fluctuate?

A

the skin

70
Q

What is the normal body temperature?

A

Normal body temperature is 37 +/- 0.5 oC.

71
Q

What parts of the body’s temperature are constant?

A

The body core (organs in skull, thoracic & abdominal cavities) temp. is relatively constant.

72
Q

What is optimal during normal body temperature?

A

At normal body temp., conditions are optimal for enzymatic activity.

73
Q

What is required for Vitamin D synthesis?

A

Synthesis of vitamin D begins in the skin with the formation of a precursor molecule, cholecalciferol.

74
Q

What is Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is actually a group of closely related compounds.

75
Q

state the steps vitamin D synthesis?

A

sunlight uv rays reaches the skin

Cholestrol in blood changes into Vitiamin D precursor due to sunlight.

The presusor travels through the blood streamto the kidney and lavier.

When the precusor is in the liver and kidney, the precusor will turn to Calcitriol(active Vitiamin D).

Calcirroil willl assit in the absprption of calcium in from the food that is consumed.

76
Q
A

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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