CHAPTER 5 Flashcards
The police have been criticized for not meeting the need of contemporary society
Amanda Todd, Rehtaeh Parsons, Anonymous, Creep Catchers, Indigenous
The top-down approach frequently leads to an —– and it also fails to promote—–?
Overlap of responsibilities and personal ingenuity
Police efficeincy is measured by—–?
Response times and arrest rates
How are response times affected?
They are adversely affected by the time it takes for citizens to call them. - Management of demand/differential response.
Arrest rates
- They are used but not an ideal way to measure efficiency or deter crime.
- Much crime is simply not reported to police
- Many people are arrested but not everyone is prosecuted
Clearance rates
They are often seen as an alternative
Efficiency measures
- To identify the number of arrests that lead to prosecution.
- Fear reduction is another measure.
The Police role
- Roles encompass rights and responsibilities with a particular position.
- There also exists role expectations and role conflicts
- Police are often expected to occupy conflicting roles (“ social agent” and “crime fighter”)
Muir noted different styles of policing?
Professionals, enforcers, reciprocators, and avoiders.
Wilson identified four styles
Social agent, watchman, the law enforcer, and teh crime fighter.
The Patrol Function
- Patrol is the backbone of policing.
- It was introduced by Peel in 1829
The purpose of patrol
- Deter crime
- Maintain public order and sense of security.
- Provide 24-hour services.
Much police work involves activities unrelated to crime, True or False?
True
80% of all calls involve incidents such as
Neighbourhood disputes, animal control, noise complaints, and locating children.
Incident-Driven Patrol
Incident-driven policing is also known as reactive policing. It occurs when the police react to citizens ‘ calls for help.
Proactive policing
- It occurs when the police crack down on the street drug trade, prostitution, or set up fencing stings.
- It involves acting, often interacting with criminals, before crimes occur.
- It is unclear whether patrol officer arrests actually deter crime.
Directed patrols
- It occur when a police officer’s time is spent in certain locations.
- Although they are effective at reducing automibile thefts and robberies, it is unclear as to whether they merely displace criminal activity.
- “Hot spots” and slight decreases in crime.
Foot Patrols
- They were the main type of patrolling until teh 1930s when vehicleswere introduced.
- They re-emerged in the 1970s
The Flint Neighbourhood Foot Patrol Program
- It reduced crime slightly, but regenerated greater confidence in the police and reduced teh fear of crime.
- Similar results are found in Newark, Toronto, and Edmonton.
The 1972-3 Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment.
- Three types of patrols: reactive, proactive, and control.
- The different types of patrol did not affect crime rates, citizens’ attitudes towards officers, citizens’ fear of crime, rates of reported crimes.
The 3 explanations for why police patrols were ineffective.
- Police patrols are spread out
- Many crimes cannot be prevented by police.
- Some criminals are simply not affected by patrols (displacement).
The Ciminal Investogation Function
- Investigating crime involves obtaining information to recreate the circumstances of a crime.
- Criminal investigations generally include a preliminary investigation and a follow-up investigation.
- About 8/10 off all arrests are made by patrol officers rather than detective.
Concerns about policing expressed by Canadians
- Police patrols did not seriously reduce crime
- Detective did not reduce much crime.
- Arrests did not appear to significantly deter crime.
- Reactive policing did not seem to reduce crime.
- Use of private security forces.
Broken Windows Model
Kelling and Wilson 1982, Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.
The police need the community to fight crime
- Neighbourhood disorder creates fear.
- Disorder sends out crime-promoting signals
- The poice should get involved at the first signs of deterioration.
Problem-Oriented Policing
- Direct resources at the causes of crime.
- Policing hot spots in New Jersey using business owners and local residents.
- Kansas City Gun Project 1192-3
Community Policing
- Concentrate on building stronger communities that police themselves.
- Include decentralized mini-stations
- Community patnerships are important.
- Embraces issues of disorder, neighbourhood decay, the fear of crime, and order maintenance.
Zero-Tolerance
- The focus is on order maintenance
- Embraces the “crime-attack” model/suppression.
- Communities may not be able to police themselves.
- Concentrated on specific types of crime.
- Place-specific oriented.
- Favors existing command structure.
Intelligence-led Policing
- Policing the “risk society” during the information age. It uses computer-assisted programs for identifying high-crime place and recidivists.
- Predictive policing.
- Target recidivists, manage hot spots, develop multiagency partnerships.
- Global in scope
Passion
it refers to recognition that force can be used to control a situation legitmately.
Perspective
It refers to the ability to empathize with suffering, and to be ethical/moral.
Professionals
Passion and perspective
Enforcers
They have passion for their jobs including use of force.
Reciprocators
They lack passion, difficulty using authority (i.e. arrests)
Avoiders
Neither passion or perspective
Social agent
social worker
Watchman
It emphasizes public order, tolerant of private matters/conflict, restore order.
Law enforcer
Enforce all laws including minor offences; discretion is minimal
Crime fighter
Deal with serious criminals, thin blue line
This perspective that argues that the police are a neutral force that protects the society
A. The social contract perspective
B. The radical perspective
A. The society contract perspective
If a police officer makes disparaging, racist comments about a young, black male in an attempt to make youth upset, then this is known as _____ racism
A. Hate.
B. Polite.
C. Systemic.
D. Ideological.
E. Subliminal.
A. Hate
- If racism is found throughout the criminal justice system, then it is known as _____ racism.
A. Hate.
B. Polite.
C. Systemic.
D. Ideological.
E. Subliminal
C. Systemic
- When experiments on types of policing take place, which of the following are problematic?
A. Displacement.
B. Ethical concerns.
C. Both.
D. Neither
C. Both
- Which of the following types of policing, if any, endorse “creep catchers”?
A. Intelligence-led policing.
B. The zero tolerance approach.
C. Community policing.
D. The problem-oriented approach.
E. None of the above
E. None of the above
- Which of the following types of policing is known to incorporate sophisticated computer software to
help monitor society?
A. The problem-oriented approach.
B. The zero tolerance approach.
C. Community policing.
D. Intelligence-led policing.
E. None of the above.
D. Intelligence-led policing
- True or False? Zero-tolerance policing in New York City in the 1990s reduced criminal victimization
significantly.
A. True.
B. False.
A. True
- Broken Windows is connected to _____ policing.
A. Intelligence-led policing.
B. The zero tolerance approach.
C. Community policing.
D. The problem-oriented approach.
E. None of the above.
B. The zero tolerance approach
- Which type of policing regards higher rates of reported crime as a positive sign for police?
A. Intelligence-led policing.
B. The zero tolerance approach.
C. Community policing.
D. The traditional approach.
E. None of the above
C. Community policing
- True or False? Anonymous has generated considerable controversy in Canada. On one occasion, they
identified the wrong person in a sexual assault crime. Although they falsely accused someone in this case,
the stepfather of Rehtaeh Parsons has argued that Anonymous was central to pressuring the police to
investigate the sexual assault of his daughter.
A. True.
B. False.
A. True
- True or False? Police officers in Canada have the ability to arrest and charge citizens.
A. True.
B. False
B. False
- According to Wilson, this officer has a policing style that makes them seem like social workers.
A. Reciprocators.
B. Social agent.
C. Crime fighter.
D. Avoiders
B. Social Agent
- True or False? Although section 8 of the Charter protects all citizens from unreasonable search and
seizure of property, some types of policing encourage police to bend these rules.
A. True.
B. False
A. True
- According to Muir, which of the following types of police officers lack passion and perspective?
A. Professionals.
B. Enforcers.
C. Watchmen.
D. The crime fighter.
E. Avoiders
E. Avoiders
- The police claimed that Robert Dziekanski was exhibiting signs of _____.
A. Clinical depression.
B. Trauma.
C. Excited delirium.
D. Antisocial personality disorder.
E. Post-traumatic stress disorder.
C. excited delirium
Police militarization
It occurs when police services use military equipment, tactics, and training as regular methods to police civilians
Police subculture
A set of informal rules and expectations that shape police attitudes, values, and behaviors
3 main operational police roles
Operations, administration, and auxiliary services
Operations
Patrol, traffic enforcement, criminal investigation, crime prevention
Adminstration
Manage day-to-day operation of the agency and oversee units such as human resources, budgeting, and professional standards
Auxiliary services
communications, preserving evidence, keeping records,and detention.
What is another name for police services?
Paramilitary Organizations.
Paramilitary organization
Services are organized along military lines, which have a chain of command where lines of authority are clearly defined by the organization.
Chain of command
The lines of authority in a police organization, which are clearly defined and range from a constable( on the bottom of the pyramid) to the chief or commissioner ( at the top).
Sworn officers
Police officers with legal authority to arrest and use force ( as opposed to peace officers, who have less legal authority).
Patrol
The backbone of policing. 2/3 of police are engaged in this work.
Traffic
Traffic officers save lives and reduce the number of serious collisions through their enforcement activities.
Plainclothes officers
Detectives who investigate serious crimes.
Undercover roles
Officers carry out investigations in a covert manner that can involve immersing themselves in criminal worlds.
SWAT
They have access to military-style equipment such as automatic firearms and armored vehicles. They have specialized training.
Camine (k9) officers
Officers who are partnered with dogs to engage in patrol activities, detect drugs or explosives, and track suspects or escaped prisoners
Aviation units
Officers who use fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters for traffic enforcement (including vehicle pursuits), transporting prisoners, and providing information to officers on the ground.
Marine units
Officers deployed in boats to patrol waterfront areas, and harbours, including conducting search and rescue activities, promoting water safety, and engaging in crime prevention.
Executive protection
The protection provided by police officers to the prime minister, the Governor-general of Canada, provincial premiers, mayors of large cities, and visiting dignitaries.
School resource officers
Officers are placed on a part- or full-time basis in schools to provide security, teach classes, act as positive role models, and build positive relationships with students.
3 policing styles
Legalistic style, Wtachman style, service style
Legalistic style
Emphasizes professionalism and formal relationship with the public.
Watchman style
They focus on maintenance such as reducing antisocial behaviour.
Service style
They place priority on public satisfaction and being responsive to community needs. More common is small towns or in wealthy city suburbs.
Patrol zones
A defined area within a community that officers are assigned to patrol
Less-than-lethal weapons
Alternative to firearms that are intended to temporarily incapacitate or confuse and individual.
Conducted energy devices
Tasers that send an electrical charge that temporarily incapacitates an individual
Ride-along
When members of the public accompany a police officer on patrol to learn about policing.
Field train officers
Experienced officers who provide instruction and coaching to new officers.
Officer-involved shootings
it occurs when police discharge their firearm, including accidental and intentional discharges.
Suicide by cop
It occurs when individuals deliberately provoke the police into shooting them, such as by pointing an unloaded firearm at an officer.
Private policing
It involves the social control effects of individuals who are not government employees, but instead are hired to provide security or policing services.
