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SOCI 327 > CHAPTER 4 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Compare the Monty Robinson case with the Daniel Tschetter case.

A
  1. They were both intoxicated when they caused the death of others.
  2. Robinson served no jail time. He was a police officer.
  3. Tschetter received 8 years.
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2
Q

Was there police force prior to 11th century?

A

No

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3
Q

History of Police structure

A
  1. The frankpledge (peace pledge) system emerged.
  2. Ten families formed a tithing which then grouped to form a hundred.
  3. These hundreds were then coalesced into shires( countries).
  4. The top law enforcement office became known as the shire-reeve ( sheriff)
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4
Q

Who formalized the constable watch system in the 13th century?

A

The Statute of Westminster

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5
Q

What did each Parish consist of?

A

A constable and unpaid watchmen

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6
Q

How long did this system last?

A

Until 18th century.

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7
Q

How long did London not have a policing system?

A

As late as the mid-1700s

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8
Q

Who were frequently used for policing.

A

The military

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9
Q

What did Henry Fielding create and when?

A

In 1748, he created a professional law enforcement organization.

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10
Q

What act did Sir Robert Peel pass?

A

He passed the London Metropolitan Police Act in 1829 which established a 3200 person professional police force.

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11
Q

What were bobbies expected to do?

A
  1. Reduce tension and conflict.
  2. Use non-violent means with violence only used as a last resort.
  3. Relieve the military from controlling crime.
  4. Be judged on the basis of the absence of crime.
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12
Q

Four eras of Policing

A
  1. Pre-modern era( prior to 1820)
  2. Political era( 1820-1940).
  3. Professional era( 1940-1980).
  4. Community era (1980-present)
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13
Q

Pre-Modern Era

A
  1. First Nations peoples used shaming, ostracism, and compensation for victims.
  2. They used physical punishment and execution.
  3. In 1700s and 1800s, the English established constables and justices to maintain peace.
  4. Some private policing also existed(HBC).
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14
Q

Political Era

A
  1. Local politicians established police services and frequently interfered in policing.
  2. The Peel model was eventually implemented.
  3. The North-West Mounted Police was established and became the RCMP in 1920. It followed a paramilitary structure.
  4. A patchwork of policing ensued.
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15
Q

Professional Era

A
  1. Also known as the traditional model.
  2. Focuses on objectivity, science and freedom from political influence.
  3. Uniforms (and vehicles) were eventually provided for officers.
  4. Professional associated were slowly implemented.
  5. 2015 RCMP SCC decision.
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16
Q

Community Era

A
  1. Focus on getting the public to help with regulation
    Citizen involvement
    Problem-solving
    Decentralization
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17
Q

Municipal Policing

A

Early municipal police forces were interested in:
1. Maintaining public order
2. Preventing and controlling crime
3. Providing community services.

They initially used police runners to communicate.

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18
Q

What was the early municipal system replaced with?

A
  1. Cell boxes (1870s)
  2. Cell boxes with bell system (1870s/1880s)
  3. Telephones (1880s)
  4. Patrol vehicles ( 1920)
  5. Fingerprinting ( 1911)
  6. Criminal record system (1920s)
  7. Toxicological analyses post (1920s)
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19
Q

What was the most important development in the municipal system?

A

The officers were separated from the community.

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20
Q

Why was the separation of the police from the community was significant?

A
  1. Crime fighting was emphasized
  2. The police became more specialized
  3. They spent less time on foot
  4. Crime rates, service calls, and response times determined police operations.
  5. Officers were recruited on the basis of psychological factors and civil service testing.
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21
Q

How many police in Canada in 2015?

A

68,777

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22
Q

What is the percentage of police that worked for municipal forces?

A

67% - 42,668

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23
Q

Total of employees, officers, and volunteers

A

Employees: 26,000
Officers: 18,000
Volunteers: 75,000

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24
Q

What are two ways to determine how large a police presence should be?

A
  1. Population to policer officer ratio
  2. Compare the number of Criminal code incidents with the number of police in any given force.
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25
Q

Police forces are ———-?

A

Bureaucracies.

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26
Q

When did the professional model of policing emerge and lasted till when?

A

1930s till 1970s

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27
Q

What did the professional model of policing include?

A
  1. Hierarchical differentiation
  2. Functional differentiation.
  3. Routinization
  4. Centralization of command.
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28
Q

Most officers work in the —— forces?

A

Municipal forces

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29
Q

Which weapons have become in RCMP and other police services in Canada?

A

Tasers

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30
Q

How many lives did Kershaw say that Tasers have saved in North America?

A

4,000

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31
Q

What did Taser International say about these guns?

A

They argued that they have never killed anyone

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32
Q

What did critics point out about tasers?

A

They pointed out that they have rarely been tested by impartial parties

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33
Q

In 2002, the British government concluded that Tasers are “not safe” TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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34
Q

What are the two perspectives?

A

The social contract perspective and radical perspective.

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35
Q

Social contract perspective

A

It emphasizes the importance of neutrality in policing society. The keys are to protect society and enforce the law.

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36
Q

Radical perspective

A

It perceives the police as acting on the part of the ruling class. They are considered a repressive instrument in society.

37
Q

In which era did racial profiling become a contentious issue?

A

Post 9/11 era

38
Q

When does racial profiling take place?

A

Racial profiling takes place when the police move from their standard practice of “ case probability” to “ class probability”

39
Q

Which model do supporters of racial profiling favor? Due process or crime control model

A

Crime control model

40
Q

Discretion

A
  1. It involves police using their independent judgment when dealing with crime
  2. Discretion is a necessary part of the job because it is impossible to create a set of rules and polices for every scenario they may face.
41
Q

In 1988, what did the Supreme Court of Canada rule of discretion?

A

They ruled that discretion is a part of an officer’s unique position. It also concluded that discretion cannot be applied arbitrarily.

42
Q

What are the factors that are influential when an officer decides to intervene?

A
  1. The serious/type of crime involved.
  2. The attitude of the citizen.
  3. Departmental polices that specify how discretion is to be applied.
43
Q

Variables that affect an officer’s decision to arrest.

A
  1. Situational variables
  2. Community variables
  3. Extralegal factors
44
Q

Situational Variables

A
  1. Seriousness of the crime
  2. Strength of evidence
  3. Preference of the victim
  4. Relationship between the victim and the suspect
  5. The demeanour of the suspect
45
Q

Community Variables

A
  1. Minority and working-class communities
  2. An officer’s perception of danger
  3. Citizens’ attitudes towards police - police develop a model of troubled areas.
  4. Community legal culture - desires of the community.
46
Q

Extralegal Factors

A
  1. The race, class, and gender of the suspect are also important.
  2. Bienvenue and Latif concluded that Aboriginal men and women were more likely to be arrested for all offenses except drug and traffic violations.
  3. Mandatory arrest.
47
Q

What are the positive aspects of subcultiure?

A

It includes a sense of collectiveness which helps officers deal with stress, control inappropriate actions, and provide an informal teaching tool to learn the “ craft”

48
Q

Negative aspects of the subculture

A
  1. resistance to change
  2. Support for rights violations
  3. Misuse fo authority
  4. Resistance to accountability
49
Q

Six values

A
  1. Police are the real crime fighters
  2. No one else understands the real nature of the police.
  3. Loyalty to colleagues is paramount.
  4. Rules need to be bent.
  5. The public is unreasonable and unsupportive.
  6. Detective work is better than patrol work
50
Q

What do officers do to deal with supervisors and members of the community?

A
  1. They are suspicious
  2. Maintain the edge( read people accurately)
  3. Laying low ( not catching the attention of supervisors).
51
Q

How do police possess a unique personality?

A

Cynicism, hostility, dogmatism, and conservatism

52
Q

The police personality, a value orientation, is deemed to be the result of socialization rather than a ——-?

A

predisposition

53
Q

What was Niederhoffer’s argue about the personality changes in officers?

A

New officers were the least cynical, then became cynical in a few months on the job, and the became less cynical near retirement.

54
Q

Educational background affects personality differences. True or False

A

True.

55
Q

How does educational background affect personality?

A

Less educated officers were more likely to be authoritarian, conservative, and rigid.

Having a degree results in professionalism, initiative, and few complaints.

56
Q

Deadly Force

A

Force used with the intent to case bodily injury or death.

57
Q

Two mechanisms implemented to control the use of deadly force

A
  1. The reasonableness standard - difficult to attain convictions
  2. Legislation to force cooperatipon in casesof death, injury or other force.
58
Q

Who have the highest rate of the use of deadly force?

A

NWT

59
Q

The most incidents are reported in —-?

A

Ontario/Quebec

60
Q

What are the important causes of the use of deadly force?

A

The lack of community cohesion, organizational values of force, and training.

61
Q

Mission creep

A

It occurs when organizations take on more duties than were originally envisioned by the founders of those agencies.

62
Q

Front-line officers

A

Officers who occupy front-line policing positions (e.g., up to the rank of sergeant) and do not have executive authority.

63
Q

Stand-alone police services

A

Police services that are typically small and are not a a part of a larger police organization.

64
Q

First Nations

A

A term used to describe the indigenous people of Canada, not including the Inuit or Métis; the term can also refer to the lands set aside for Indigenous peoples.

65
Q

Who were responsible for maintaining order in the first settlements prior to Confederation in 1867?

A

The military

66
Q

Royal Newfoundland Constabulary

A
  1. Established in 1729
  2. This police force claims to be Canada’s oldest police force and still provides services throughput Newfoundland and Labrador.
67
Q

Over -policed ( Political Era)

A

members of minority groups were treated suspiciously and paid attention to by the police by virtue of being members of that group.

68
Q

Political interference

A

The inappropriate use of political authority to influence police operations

69
Q

How long did it take for the London’s Metropolitan Police Service take to be founded

A

It took almost a decade due to public opposition to the police, as they were throught to be a threat to liberty.

70
Q

Robert Peel

A
  1. He is considered the father of the modern police service
  2. He introduced” centralized command, the beat system, crime prevention and the uniform”
71
Q

Royal Irish Constabulary

A
  1. A police force that emphasized mounted patrols and was a model for early rural Canadian police services.
  2. patrolled the Quebec countryside form 1839 to 1842.
72
Q

North-West Mounted Police

A
  1. A police force established in 1873 in response to lawlessness in the North-West Territories ( in what is now Alberta and Saskatchewan) and to reinforce Canadian sovereignty in that region.
73
Q

What were the changes of the NWMP?

A

The organization became Royal North-West Mounted Police in 1904. Then bacem Royal Canadian Mounted police in 1920.

74
Q

Sovereignty

A

An nation’s claim on its territory

75
Q

Street Justice

A

When a suspected offender is forced to submit to an authorized punishment by a police officer, such as doing push-ups in return for not getting a speeding ticket.

76
Q

Lip Service

A

When more time is spent talking about something than actually implementing the approach.

77
Q

Contract Policing

A

A form of policing where police service, such as the RCMP or OPP, provides policing to a municipality under a contract.

78
Q

Police Strength

A

The number of officers per 1,000 residents. The average is about 2 officers per 1,000.

79
Q

Self-determination

A

Occurs when Indigenous communities are able to exert more control over their economic, social, and cultural development, including taking ownership over policing.

80
Q

Random preventative patrol

A

A patrol method is thought to reduce crime by providing a visible police presence. in the community

81
Q

Neighborhood watch

A

Programs that encourage community members to work together to report suspicious people or unusual activities to the police.

82
Q

Carding

A

A controversial police practice where information is collected about people who are stopped at random and questioned.

83
Q

Street checks

A

A practice where individuals engaged in suspicious activities are questioned by the police.

84
Q

Discretion

A

Refers to when judgment is used to determine which of several options to pursue; in the case of policing, this includes whether to take no action, provide a warning, make a formal caution, issue a ticket, or arrest a suspect.

85
Q

Order maintenance

A

Taking action to ensure a sense of safety and comfort in public spaces.

86
Q

Public Order policing

A

The use of police during mass demonstrations (such as protests) to maintain the balance between the rights and interests of government, society, and individuals.

87
Q

First responders

A

Professionals who respond to emergencies, such as police officers, paramedics, and firefighters (both paid and volunteer).

88
Q
A
89
Q
A

SOCI 327 (4 decks)

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