chapter 5 Flashcards
Superbugs
Anti-biotic resistant baceria that are evoloving to be more resistant to treatment
Lamaracks theory
About how species change overtime. Organisms have a force or desire to lead them to change for the better. - to adapt better to their environment. Through change and disguise.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Changes you make to your body does not alter DNA and cannot be passed down
Giraffes
There was variation of long and short necks, long necks had an advantage since they could reach more leaves, over time this trait was inherited by generations
Charles Darwin
Credited for creating the standard understanding of evolution and theory by natural selection. Observations and inferenes
Observations
There is variation in species
Every generation produces more offspring than can survive
Population tends to remain stable in size
Inferences
Individuals within the same species are in a constant struggle for survival
Individuals with more desireable traits are more likely to survive, in its environment through survival of the fittest and natural selection
Because the individuals with these traits survive, more of these traits will be inherited and be more apparent in future generations
Why is Variation needed
So that traits can be accepted over others. arise from mutations
Mutations
Are random, and unpredictable in Dna and can be positive negative of neither. Can be caused by random mistakes in cell division, or by environmental cues ie. UV rays, chemicals
Speciation
Creation of new specie from an original one
Alllopatric Speciation
Where two species from the same species diverge into new species physicallycause by the separation, leading each having to adapt to the new environment
Adaptive radiation (move out from)
Where differnt species arise from one species example Darwin noticed that at the Galapogos different finches had different beaks for their different neess
Gradualism
This states that evolution happens steadily overtime. They change gradually overtime, shown in fossils
Punctuated equillibrium
Species go long periods of time without any changes when when everything is stable, then eventually something occurs in the environment that they must adapt to
Geological timescale
Supports the theory of evolution of how things occurred for everything to end up like the way it is
Majour extinction events
There have been several majour extinction events that decrease diversity fast, most known was the astroid hitting earth during the mesozoeic era, which killed 90 percent of marine life and others.
Evolution
gradual change in species over time as they adapt to their environment
Do species evolve
Yes, individual dont
Pepper moth
Before the industrial evolution, white pepper moths were better camofloudged. After, the habitat darkened, so the black moth had an advantage over the white moth
Keys of the moth
Variation, difference in survivability, they are able to reproduce and pass down the desirable traits
Fossils
The direct evidence that displays how organisms change overtime
Radiometric dating
One way of determining how old a fossil is.Raadiometric elements break down overtime at a predictable rate and by measuring how of an element is left in a fossil we can determine its age.
Half life
How long in years it takes for a radioactive thing to decay
Biogeography
Distribution of life on earth
Biochemistry
DNA is the blueprint of an organism. Similarities in DNA and proteins indicate that two organisms are related and have a common ancestor. E.g humans and primates. Our Dna is less similar to less related animals
Embryology
Study of embryological developement. Related organism show similar growth in the embryo
Artificial Selelction
Where humans modify DNA of an organism to get the desireable traits we want. This can happen over a short period of time
Anatomy
Homologeous structures tjat have similar origins and structures but might have different functions as adapted over time…….
Analogeous structures
Structures that have similar appearance and function but different origins. Convergent evolution E.g. bugs and birds
Vestigial structures
Structures that no longer have a useful purpose.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Taxonomy is the classification of living things, while phylogeny is the science of classifying them based on how closely related they are
Phylogenic tree
a family tree that shows how similar organisms are
Levels of classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species, (DId King Phylip Come Over for Good Spaghetti.
Five Kingdom System
Plantae, Protista, Animalia, Monera and Fungi. By Robert W Mukonn 1969
Six Kingdom Classification System
Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria (, Archeabacteria ), Created by Carl Woose in 1970
Three domains of life
Eukarya: From eukyotes cells that have nuclei and organelles All multicellular organisms and protists, Archea bacteria (prokaryotes) no nuclei or or organelles , and Eubacteria, also all prokayotes, tend to live in extreme environments extremophiels
Binomial Nomenclature
Genus and Species
