Chapter 5 Flashcards
The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?
a. Incidence
b. Prevalence
c. Ratio
d. Risk
b. Prevalence
The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk?
a. Attributable
b. Contingency
c. Causal
d. Relative
D. Relative
Empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases are based on:
a. Chromosomal testing
b. Direct observation
c. Liability thresholds
d. Relative risks
b. Direct observation
What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
a. Diet high in saturated fats
b. Increased production of cholesterol by the liver
c. Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell
surfaces
d. Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood
c. Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell
surfaces
Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?
a. Sodium intake
b. Physical inactivity
c. Psychosocial stress
d. Obesity
d. Obesity
What percentage of all cases of breast cancer are identified as an autosomal dominant form?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
a. 5
When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 10
a. 2
Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent when raised by nonalcoholic parents have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism?
a. Twofold
b. Threefold
c. Fourfold
d. Tenfold
c. Fourfold
Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity by affecting what?
a. Regulation of appetite
b. Metabolizing of fat
c. Absorption of fat
d. Altering the sense of satiety
a. Regulation of appetite
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?
a. Ovarian
b. Lung
c. Uterine
d. Pancreatic
a. Ovarian
Blood pressure variations are associated with:
a. ß1-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate
b. The release of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that increases water reabsorption
c. The renin-angiotensin system’s effect on vasoconstriction
d. Serum bradykinin, causing vasodilation
c. The renin-angiotensin system’s effect on vasoconstriction
The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are:
a. Autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen associations
b. Autoantibodies and obesity
c. Obesity and positive family history
d. HLA associations and positive family history
c. Obesity and positive family history
A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus is that there is:
a. Partial insulin secretion
b. An autoimmune cause factor
c. Insulin resistance
d. Obesity as a common risk factor
b. An autoimmune cause factor
Obesity acts as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus by:
a. Reducing the amount of insulin the pancreas produces
b. Increasing the resistance to insulin by cells
c. Obstructing the outflow of insulin from the pancreas
d. Stimulating the liver to increase glucose production
b. Increasing the resistance to insulin by cells
Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are referred to by which term?
a. Polygenic
b. Multifocal
c. Modifiable
d. Involuntary
a. Polygenic
Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered to be what type of risk?
a. Genetic
b. Empirical
c. Relative
d. Modifiable
d. Modifiable
Which disease form is identified on the basis of empirical risk observation?
a. Polygenic
b. Multifactorial
c. Monozygotic
d. Genetic
b. Multifactorial
The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?
a. Relativity
b. Survivability
c. Prevalence
d. Incidence
c. Prevalence
Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families?
a. Breast
b. Lung
c. Skin
d. Brain
a. Breast
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?
a. Increased consumption of dairy produces
b. Increased consumption of foods containing vitamin C
c. Decreased consumption of foods high in fat
d. Decreased consumption of artificial food coloring
c. Decreased consumption of foods high in fat
It is currently believed that the risk for developing Alzheimer disease:
a. Is not directly related to genetic predisposition.
b. Is higher among men than it is among women.
c. Occurs less among Hispanics than in Asians.
d. Doubles among those with an affected first-degree relative.
d. Doubles among those with an affected first-degree relative.
The number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population is defined as which characteristic of a disease?
a. Prevalence rate
b. Incidence rate
c. Relative risk
d. Frequency
b. Incidence rate
Cancers that cluster strongly in families include: (Select all that apply.)
a. Breast
b. Colon
c. Ovarian
d. Lung
e. Brain
a. Breast
b. Colon
c. Ovarian
Which genes are responsible for an autosomal dominant form of breast cancer? (Select all that apply.)
a. LCAT
b. CHK1
c. CHK2
d. BRCA1
e. BRCA2
d. BRCA1
e. BRCA2
Lifestyle modifications that affect health-related risk factors include: (Select all that apply.)
a. Diet
b. Exercise
c. Education
d. Finances
e. Stress reduction
a. Diet
b. Exercise
e. Stress reduction
Examples of multifactorial diseases associated with adults include: (Select all that apply.)
a. Breast cancer
b. Coronary heart disease
c. Emphysema
d. Diabetes mellitus
e. Schizophrenia
a. Breast cancer
b. Coronary heart disease
d. Diabetes mellitus
e. Schizophrenia
