Chapter 12 Flashcards
Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to:
a. Stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply.
b. Encourage secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors.
c. Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth.
d. Divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own
c. Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth.
Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?
a. Cancer cells accumulate slower than noncancer cells.
b. An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer.
c. Tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract.
d. Apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli, including excessive growth.
b. An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer.
Many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is a(an):
a. Tumor-suppressor gene
b. Growth-promoting gene
c. Intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
d. Cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus concerning cell growth
c. Intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
Oncogenes are genes that are capable of:
a. Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of
tissue proliferation
b. Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary
replacement of tissue
c. Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt
the replacement of tissue
d. Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph
nodes for metastasis
a. Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of
tissue proliferation
In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene?
a. Point mutation
b. Chromosome fusion
c. Gene amplification
d. Chromosome translocation
c. Gene amplification
What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?
a. Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes.
b. The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off.
c. Genetic amplification causes the growth.
d. Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.
b. The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off.
Two “hits” are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes because:
a. Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each
gene, one from each parent.
b. The first hit stops tissue growth, and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal
tissue growth.
c. Tumor-suppressor genes are larger than proto-oncogenes, requiring two hits to
effect carcinogenesis.
d. The first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation.
a. Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each
gene, one from each parent.
The ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by:
a. Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome
b. Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies
c. Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
d. Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes
c. Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?
a. To repair the telomeres to restore somatic cell growth
b. As an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division
c. To switch off the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
d. To switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
d. To switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy?
a. Infection
b. Ultraviolet damage
c. Pain
d. Erythema
a. Infection
Chronic inflammation causes cancer by:
a. Increasing vasodilation and permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage
b. Liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged that initiates mutations
c. Releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
d. Increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers
c. Releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?
a. Proto-oncogenes
b. Oncogenes
c. Tumor-suppressing genes
d. Growth-promoting genes
c. Tumor-suppressing genes
What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?
a. Cells undergo apoptosis
b. Cells escape apoptosis
c. Cells receive less oxygen
d. Cells adhere more readily
b. Cells escape apoptosis
Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
a. Increased cell turnover
b. Constipation
c. Stomatitis
d. Bloody stool
c. Stomatitis (oral ulcers)
What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis?
a. To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells
b. To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells
c. To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis
d. To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels
b. To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells
