Chapter 5

Question 1

Class:

Answer 1

A group of objects.

Question 2

Categorical proposition:

Answer 2

Relates two classes of objects.

Question 3

Subject term:

Answer 3

The term that comes first in a standard-form categorical proposition.

Question 4

Predicate term:

Answer 4

The term that comes second in a standard-form categorical proposition.

Question 5

A-proposition:

Answer 5

Asserts that the entire subject class is included in the predicate class (“All S are P”). – this is a universal affirmative.

Question 6

I-proposition:

Answer 6

Asserts that part of the subject class is included in the predicate class (“Some S are P”). – this is a particular affirmative.

Question 7

E-proposition:

Answer 7

Asserts that the entire subject class is excluded from the predicate class (“No S are P”). – this is a universal negative.

Question 8

O-proposition

Answer 8

Asserts that part of the subject class is excluded from the predicate class (“Some S are not P”). – this is a particular negative

Question 9

Standard-from categorical proposition.

Answer 9

A proposition that has one of the following forms: “All S are P,” “Some S are P,” No S are P,” “Some S are not P.”

Question 10

Categorical proposition:

Answer 10

A categorical proposition relates two classes of objects.

Question 11

Universal Affirmative

Answer 11

All S are P.
An A-proposition affirming that every member of the subject class is a member of the predicate class.

Question 12

Particular Affirmative

Answer 12

Some S are P.
An I-proposition affirming that at least one member of the subject class is a member of the predicate class.

Question 13

Particular Negative

Answer 13

Some S are not P.
An O-proposition affirming that at least one member of the subject class is not a member of the predicate class.

Question 14

Quantity:

Answer 14

‘universal’ and ‘particular’

Question 15

Quality:

Answer 15

‘affirmative’ and ‘negative’

Question 16

Quantifiers:

Answer 16

‘all’, ‘no’, and some’ – establish class inclusion and exclusion.

Question 17

Copula:

Answer 17

‘are’ and ‘are not’ – links subject class to predicate class.

Question 18

Distributed:

Answer 18

If a categorical proposition asserts something about every member of a class, then the term designating that class is said to be distributed.

Question 19

Undistributed:

Answer 19

If a proposition does not assert something about every member of a class, then the term designating that class is said to be undistributed.

Question 20

I- propositions: Some students are sophomores.

Answer 20

Both subject and predicate are undistributed; the proposition does not make an assertion about every student or every sophomore.

Question 21

O-propositions: Some cars are not fuel-efficient vehicles.

Answer 21

Subject “cars” is undistributed; the proposition does not make an assertion about every car.
Predicate is distributed, since at least one member of “cars” is excluded from every member of “fuel-efficient vehicles.”

Question 22

Existential import:

Answer 22

When a proposition presupposes the existence of certain kinds of objects.

Question 23

Opposition:

Answer 23

Occurs when two standard-form categorical propositions refer to the same subject and predicate classes but differ in quality, quantity, or both.

Question 24

Contradictories:

Answer 24

Pairs of propositions in which one is the negation of the other. A- and O-propositions are contradictories, as are E- and I-propositions.

Question 25

Immediate argument:

Answer 25

An argument that has only one premise.

Question 26

Mediate argument:

Answer 26

An argument that has more than one premise.

Question 27

Conversion:

Answer 27

An immediate argument created by interchanging the subject and predicate terms of a given categorical proposition.

Question 28

Complement:

Answer 28

The set of objects that do not belong to a given class.

Question 29

Obversion:

Answer 29

An immediate argument formed by changing the quality of the given proposition, and then replacing the predicate term with its complement.

Question 30

Contraposition:

Answer 30

Formed by replacing the subject term of a given proposition with the complement of its predicate term and then replacing the predicate term of the given proposition with the complement of its subject term.

Question 31

Types of immediate arguments

Answer 31

Conversion Obversion Contraposition

Question 32

Obversion:

Answer 32

Change the quality of the proposition, then replace the predicate term with its complement

Question 33

Complement:

Answer 33

The set of objects that do not belong to a given class.

Question 34

Contraries

Answer 34

Pairs of propositions that cannot both be true at the same time, but can both be false at the same time. A- and E-propositions are contraries.

Question 35

Subcontraries:

Answer 35

Pairs of propositions that cannot both be false at the same time, but can both be true; also, if one is false then the other must be true. I- and O-propositions are subcontraries.

Question 36

Subalternation:

Answer 36

The relationship between a universal proposition (the superaltern) and its corresponding particular proposition (the subaltern).

Question 37

Conversion by limitation:

Answer 37

When we first change a universal A-proposition into its corresponding particular I-proposition, and then we use the process of conversion on the I-proposition.

Question 38

Contraposition by limitation:

Answer 38

When subalternation is used to change the universal E-proposition into its corresponding particular O-proposition. We then apply the regular process of forming a contrapositive to this O-proposition.