Chapter 5

Question 1

The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to

Answer 1

deliver nutrients to and remove metabolic waste products from the tissues.

Question 2

The cardiovascular system performs the following specific functions

Answer 2

1. Transportation of deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
2. Transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues and deoxygenated blood from the tissue to the heart.
3. Distribution of nutrients to cells.
4. Removal of metabolic wastes from the working cells form elimination or reuse.
5. Regulation of pH to control acid-base balance.
6. Transportation of hormones and enzymes to regulate physiological function.
7. Maintenance of fluid balance to prevent dehydration.
8. Maintenance of body temperature by absorbing heat and redistributing to the surface of the body.

Question 3

The Right AV valve is called the

Answer 3

tricuspid valve- controls the flow of blood from the RA to the RV.

Question 4

The Left AV valve is called the

Answer 4

mitral (or bicuspid) valve and controls blood flow between the LA and LV.

Question 5

These valves prevent backflow of blood to the ventricles

Answer 5

the semilunar valves separate the ventricles from the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Question 6

Describe 7 steps of blood flow through the heart

Answer 6

1. deoxygenated blood flows into the RA through the superior and inferior vena cava, the coronary sinus, and the anterior cardiac veins.
2. The RA contracts and blood moves through the tricuspid valve into the RV.
3. The RV contracts, the tricuspid valve closes, and blood flows through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary arteries and the branches of the pulmonary system.
4. Blood enters the alveolar capillaries from the pulmonary arteries, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is removed.
5. Blood flows back to the LA through the pulmonary veins.
6. The LS contracts and blood flows through the mitral valve and into the LV.
7. The LV contracts, the mitral valve closes, and the blood flows through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches, where it is distributed to the heart (coronary circulation) and the rest of the body (systemic circulation).

Question 7

The right side of the heart is composed of and responsible for

Answer 7

the RA and RV and is responsible for collecting blood coming from the body (deoxygenated) and pumping the blood through the lungs (pulmonary circulation).

Question 8

The left side of the heart is composed of and responsible for

Answer 8

the LA and LV collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to all parts of the body through the arteries.

Question 9

The Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Answer 9

separate the atria from the ventricles.

Question 10

Pericardium is

Answer 10

a loose-fitting membranous sac that covers the heart with a double wall. Helps to anchor the heart within the chest, maintaining its position.

Question 11

Myocardium is

Answer 11

the thickest layer of the cardiac muscle. The blood vessels and nerves that supply the heart are embedded in this layer as well as a network of connective tissue fibers, a fibrous skeleton that seperate the atria from the ventricles.

Question 12

Where do most normal electrical impulses orginate in the heart

Answer 12

the sinoatrial node- the intrinsic pacemaker.

Question 13

Blood vessels

Answer 13

deliver blood to the tissues; help promote the delivery of nutrients and oxygen as well as the exchange of metabolic wastes, hormones, and other substances with cells; and return blood to the heart.

Question 14

Stroke volume is

Answer 14

the amount of blood ejected from the LV in a single contraction. The SV is equal to the difference between the amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction (end-diastolic volume) and the amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of contraction (end-systolic volume).

Question 15

Cardiac output

Answer 15

In healthy adults, cariac output increases linearly with an increase in exercise intensity. Max levels are dependent on age, posture, body size, disease status and aerobic fitness level.

Question 16

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

Answer 16

represents the amount of oxygen extracted by the tissues and reflects the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and the oxygen content of venous blood. During vigourous exercise, the active muscle extracts greater amounts of oxygen from the arterial blood and reduces the oxygen content in the venous blood.

Question 17

Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Answer 17

maximal volume of oxygen consumed per unit time, or VO2max, is the most widely recognized measure of cardiorespiratory endurance. Both central (cardia output) and peripheral regulatory mechanisms affect the magnitude of VOv2max.

Question 18

Vo2max

Answer 18

may be expressed either on an absolute or relative basis. This measure is widely considered the single best index of physical work capacity or cardiorespiratory fitness. the higher the Vo2max, the better.

Question 19

The respiratory system is responsible for

Answer 19

filtering the air that enters the body and allowing gas exchange within the alveoli, which are microscopic air sacs in the lungs.

Question 20

The upper respiratory tract

Answer 20

acts as a pathway for air to move into the lower respiratory tract. Composed of nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx. Sole function is to purify, warm and humidify the air passing through the nose.

Question 21

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 21

begins in the trachea just below the larynx and includes the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Question 22

Lower respiratory airways

Answer 22

There are approx. 23 divisions of airways. The first 15 are conducting airways, and the last 7 are respiratory airways, ending in approx. 300 million alveoli, which form the gas exchange surface.

Question 22

Lower respiratory airways

Answer 22

There are approx. 23 divisions of airways. The first 15 are conducting airways, and the last 7 are respiratory airways, ending in approx. 300 million alveoli, which form the gas exchange surface.

Question 23

VE is

Answer 23

the volume of air exchanged in 1 minute.

Question 24

The three types of muscles in the human body

Answer 24

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 25

Functional strength is defined as

Answer 25

work performed against a resistance in such a way that the strength gained directly benefits the execution of activities of daily life and /or movements associated with sports.

Question 26

During Static (isometric) contractions

Answer 26

the muscle or muscle group maintains a constant length as resistance is applied, and no change in the joint position occurs.

Question 27

During Dynamic (isotonic) contractions

Answer 27

movement occurs at the joint of action.

Question 28

Slow-Twitch muscle fibers

Answer 28

for activities of low intensity and long duration. Aerobic 50%

Question 29

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

Answer 29

power and high intensity speek. These fibers shorten and develop tension considerable faster than type I fibers. minimal aerobic capacity due to a small amount of mitochondria.

Question 30

The skeletal system is divided into the following parts

Answer 30

Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower extremities)

Question 31

Systolic blood pressure is

Answer 31

the pressure exerted on the arterial wall during the ventricles’ contraction phase. top number

Question 32

Diastolic blood pressure is

Answer 32

the pressure exerted on the arteries during the relaxation phase of the ventricles. bottom number.

Question 33

Normal resting BP is below

Answer 33

120/80 mm Hg