Chapter 5 Flashcards
Define Learning
relatively permanent change in behavior or mental process which results from experience rather than from maturation
learning requires what?
change in the way an organism behaves
What happens in the brain when learning occurs?
physically changed to record what has been learned
Define habituation
tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information
Define Mere Exposure effect
where you develop a preference for something just from being exposed to it more
Define behavioral learning
teaching someone a certain behavior that has to be learned
Define stimulus
sensory event that brings about a response
Define response
behavior that occurs because it was triggered by a stimulus
Define unconditioned response
a response that does not have to be learned
define conditioned response
response that comes from experience
Study classical conditioning chart
Great!!
Define conditional emotional response (CER)
bring about physical change
involuntary
Define generalization
scared of something for some reason, but you are also scared of stuff that looks similar.
Little Albert experiment demonstrates what?
Generalization
Define discrimination
Only respond to something specific
Define exttiincion
when something that was conditioned gets unconditioned
Define Spontaneous recovery
when an extinct condition all of a sudden reappears
Define biological preparedness
brain is preprogrammed to do or don’t do some conditions
It is easy to learn and hard to unlearn and vice versas?
biological preparedness
What point of view is biological preparedness
evolutionary
Define vicarious conditioning
becoming classically conditioning by watching someone else respond to a stimulus
Define taste aversion
when you avoid a liquid or food that made you sick. sometimes you don’t realize you do this
Define voluntary behavior
reactions you have control over
What is the operant conditioning Paradigm?
B + C = P
What is B +C = P
Behavior + Consequence = Probability of repeating behavior
Define trial and error behavior
when you try stuff to see if it works and you keep trying stuff till you find the solution to your problem
Define Thorndike’s Law of Effect
behavior followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated.
behavior followed by unpleasant consequences will not be repeated.
How many types of consequences is there?
4
What are reinforcers?
Consequences that make a behavior more likely to happen again
What is a punisher?
Consequences that reduce the chance of a behavior to be repeated
Positive means
something added to the enviroment
Example of a positive reinforcer?
dog sits. dog gets treat
Example of Positive punisher?
Dog peas on floor. dog gets thumped on nose
What does negative mean?
Something removed from environment
Example of Negative reinfoorcer?
buckling seatbelt to get car beeping to stop
Example of Negative Punisher?
teething to much. cell phone gets took away
define primary reinforcer
reinforcer that fulfills basic need such as hunger
example of primary reinforcer
candy bar for helping move books
Define secondary reinforcer
gets its properties from previous experiences
example of secondary reinforcer
Getting paid money for eloping move furniture
Define Continous schedule of reinforcement.
has a ratio of 1:1
do something immediately rewarded
define a Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
after so many actions you get rewarded
Define variable ratio
after so many actions you get rewarded
the amount of actions average out to be the set ratio
define fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
a reinforcer only is given at a certain time
What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
reinforcers only occur over a spaced out amount o time
pop quizzes
Define ratio
predetermined number of responses
Define interval
period of time
discrimination and Generalization
stimulus control training
saying yes mam/sir and no mam/sir is an example
Define superstitious behavior
happens when someone makes a connection between irrelevant event and a consequence
Example of superstitious behavior
lucky socks make me make A’s
Define shaping
teaching of something that can not be learned by trial-n-error
Example of shaping
learning to set a table
learning to drive
The power of punishment leaves when ________
the threat of punishment disappears
Punishment can often trigger _________
aggresion
Punishment may inhibit_______
learning new and better responses
Punishment is usually applied___________
unevenly
When does punishment work?
when their is a good relationship as in parent -child relationship
Effective plan of punishment:
- Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior
- Punishment should be consistent.
- Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish
Define cognitive-social theory:
states learning effects behavior and mentally
Examples of the Cognitive Theory
Insight learning
Latent Learning
Observational learning
Define insight learning
when you see something and the answer just comes to you.
something that just clicks
Test that demonstrates insight learning
Kohler and the primates
Experiment that demonstrates latent learning
Rats in a maze
Rats in thee maze group 1 was________
rewarded each time at end of the maze. learned quickly.
Rats in maze group 2 was_______
in maze everyday. only rewarded on the tenth day. demonstrated learning maze almost immediately after receiving reward
In rats in the maze group 3 what?
never learned the maze. never were rewarded
What did rat in the maze find?
Support for the idea of latent learning and cognitive mapping
Experiment that demonstrated Observational learning
Albert bandura and the Bobo Dolls
What did Bobo Doll experiment consist of doing?
he filmed an adult model hitting a Bobo Doll. Then he filmed another video of the man body-slammin the Bobo Dolltelling it cruel stuff
The contol group of children saw what in the Bobo experiment?
video of man just hitting doll.
What did the experimental group of kids see in the Bobo experiment?
Video of man body-slamming bobo
what did Albert bandura’s Bobo doll experiment find?
Support for Observational learning
What does observational learning consist of:
- Attention
- Memory
- imitation
- Motivation
define Long-term potention
biological process involving physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells
What is believed to be the neural basis of learning?
Long-term potent ion
