Chapter 5 Flashcards
It is a test for differences between two or more variables. It is similar to the t-test and can substitute for a t-test when only two groups are compared. It will show if there is a difference in mean between multiple groups.
ANOVA
Characteristics that must be satisfied in order for a statistical test to be accurate and robust.
assumptions
A chart that reports the frequencies of observations in groupings (called bins) of qualitative data. The gaps between the columns in the chart indicate that the data are qualitative (nominal, categorical, or ordinal).
bar graph
In a frequency table or chart, these are the ranges of values used to group data (e.g., the number of patients between the ages of 18 and 25, the number of patients between 26 and 32, etc.).
bin
A type of nominal or categorical data that includes only two discrete categories, such as true/false, yes/no, or male/female.
binary data
A chart used to show a five-number summary. Often displays outliers.
box- and- whisker plot
These are observations that can each be assigned to one unique category, similar to nominal data.
categorical data
A single number that represents the typical value for the data set, expressed as a mean, median, and/or mode.
central tendency
A nonparametric statistical test most often used to test for differences in frequencies between two or more groups.
chi square
The range in which the true parameter can be found, within a given percentage likelihood.
confidence interval (CI)
Numerically describing a phenomenon.
descriptive statistics
A ranking of observations in a data set from lowest to highest showing the number of observations in each grouping, usually plotted on a graph.
distribution
a graph that shows frequencies of observations
dot plot
A shorthand way of reporting five commonly used descriptive statistics (minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum).
five-number summary
This is a special usage of box-and-whisker plots. It includes a series of these graphs with a trend line across the different plots.
forest plot
A descriptive statistic showing the number of observations or the proportion of observations (if expressed as a percentage).
frequency
A frequency chart used with continuous data (interval and ratio).
histogram
A visual representation that utilizes icons to represent concepts. Examples include Cates plots and a visual analog scales.
icon display
A deductive prediction made about a population based on observations of a sample.
inferences
Deriving inferences about a population based on a representative sample.
inferential statistics
The difference between the upper quartile and the lower quartile.
interquartile range (IQR)
These are measurable observations that have natural order and equivalence, but whose scale has no true zero point.
interval data
A visual description for a non-normal data set in which values trail off to the left side of the bar chart, creating a “tail” on that side.
left skew
The highest value in an ordered data set.
maximum
The average of a data set.
mean
The middle observation in an ordered data set.
median
The lowest value in an ordered data set.
minimum
The most frequently occurring value in an ordered data set.
mode
A data set with more than one mode (more than one value that occurs most frequently).
multimodal
In positivistic research these are designated as qualitative because they are not measurable. These are observations that are assigned names, such as male or female
nominal data
Statistical procedures designed to be used with data that do not meet the assumptions of normality and/or data that are qualitative.
nonparametric statistics
A set of data with a single center point that represents the mean, median, and mode whose values are equally distributed over both sides of the mean. The values must be interval or ratio scale.
normal distribution
These are observations that can be placed into a specified order, such as responses to a Likert scale, where the lowest number represents the lowest level of agreement and the highest number represents the highest level of agreement.
ordinal data
This is an extreme value. It can, by itself, alter the determination of significance.
outlier
A descriptive measure of a population, such as the number of people in the population, the mean, or the standard deviation.
parameter
Statistical procedures designed to be used with data that meet the assumption of normality and are quantitative.
parametric statistics
A circular graph which includes 100% of the observations in a sample. The chart divides up a sample into proportions
pie chart
A descriptive statistic showing the percentage of a value in terms of the whole.
proportion
In positivistic research, these are values that are categorical, nominal, or ordinal scales.
qualitative data
The division of the distribution into four equal parts.
quartile
The difference between the highest and lowest values in an ordered data set.
range
Measurable observations that have a natural order and equivalence. Each observation is an equivalent distance from the next (e.g., the distance from 2 to 3 is equal to the distance from 136 to 137).
ratio data
A visual description for a non-normal data set in which values trail off to the right side of the chart, creating a ‘tail’ on that side.
right skew
The number of subjects who enter into a study.
sample size
The source from which the subjects are drawn, usually a list of some kind that has been deemed to include a sufficient number of potential subjects that can represent the population and allow for a representative, random sample to be drawn.
sampling frame
A graph that shows relationships (also known as associations or correlations) between variables (similar to a line graph).
scatter plot
A measure of variability. It is the square root of the variance (average distance of all observations in a data set from the mean) of the data set
standard deviation
The theory, study, and practice of quantitatively summarizing data. There are two general categories: descriptive and inferential.
statistics
This is a graph used to show the length of time until a bad event, such as death. It can have one line or multiple lines. The x-axis shows the length of time until the bad event, and the y-axis shows the percentage of the group or groups.
survival curve
The value produced by a statistical test.
test statistic
It indicates that a survival curve can be used to measure time until any type of event, not just a bad event.
time-to-event curve
A procedure that converts data points into another form that has a normal distribution (e.g., logarithmic transformation).
transformation of data
A trial (study) that ends early.
truncated trial
A data set with one mode (a single value that occurs most frequently).
unimodal
The dispersion of data points within a set.
variability
The average distance of all observations from the mean in a normally shaped distribution (data set).
variance
