Chapter 5 Flashcards
Cheeks form the walls of the oral cavity
bucc/o
Lips surround the opening of the cavity
(cheil/o or labi/o)
The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
(plata/o)
The soft palate is posterior to the hard palate.
(plata/o)
Ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate (the front part)
Rugae
Hangs from the soft palate (aids the production of sounds and speech)
Uvula
(uvul/o)
Uvula
It moves food around during mastication (chewing)
and deglutition (swallowing)
tongue
gloss/o
tongue
Taste buds; are sensitive to chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as food moves across the tongue.
Papillae
Lie on both sides of the oropharynx;
They protect the body from invasion of microorganisms and produce lymphocytes, disease-fighting WBC’s
Tonsils
tonsill/o)
Tonsils
Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth
Gums
gingiv/o
Gums
dent/i
teeth
(odont/o)
teeth
Part above the gum line
crown
within the bony tooth socket
root
Protects the tooth (hardest tissue in the human body)
-translucent
Enamel
the main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and
extends throughout the crown
Dentin
covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root
Cementum
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
Periodontal membrane
Lies underneath the dentin
Pulp (root canal)
salivary gland near the ear
parotid
smallest salivary gland (under mouth)
sublingual gland
salivary gland under the lower jaw
submandibular gland
Passageway for air traveling in the nose to the windpipe (trachea) and for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus
throat (pharynx)
When swallowing (deglutition), a flap of tissue covers the food so that it cannot fall into the trachea (windpipe)
Epiglottis
the involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs
Peristalsis
control what comes in and out of the stomach (controls the opening and exit)–> It helps food from not flowing in the opposite direction (regurgitating)
Sphincters
relaxes and contracts to let food enter from the esophagus (ENTER) (LES)
Lower esophageal sphincter
increase surface area for digestion and contain glands that produce pepsin enzyme
Rugae
allows food to exit the stomach and enter the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
receives food from the stomach and bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas (bile and juices help further digest food
Duodenum
Middle part of small intestines
Jejunum
attaches to the first part of the large intestine
ileum
What lines the walls of the small intestine?
Villi
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
chemical that speeds up reactions and helps digest
foods
enzyme
First part of the large intestine connecting to the ileum
Cecum
What hangs from the cecum
appendix
extends from the cecum (when it turns left to go to the transverse colon –> underlines the liver)
Ascending colon
Horizontal colon
transverse colon
attached to the transverse colon–>going all the way down to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
Shaped like an S; begins at the distal end of the descending colon and leads into the rectum
sigmoid colon
the process of the passage of feces from the body through the anus
defecation
Receives the fluid waste products of digestion (the material unable to pass into the bloodstream) (ex: water)
Stores this waste until they can be released from the body
Large intestine
Manufacturing bile
Maintaining normal blood glucose levels by storing excess glucose in from bloodstream and storing it as glycogen (starch)
Liver
breakdown (conversion) of starch to sugar
Glycogenolysis
process of forming new sugar from proteins and fats
gluconeogenesis
one of the pigments that are produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal RBC breakdown
bilirubin
when the bile duct is blocked or the liver is damaged and unable to excrete bilirubin into the bile, the bilirubin remains in the bloodstream causing a yellow discoloration in the skin, white of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
Jaundice
brings blood to the liver from the intestines
the portal vein
high levels of pigment in the blood (jaundice)
hyperbilirubinemia
Which organ secretes insulin?
pancreas
Bowel
intestine
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
common bile duct
deglutition
swallowing
primary material found in teeth
dentin
breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
emulsification
Hard, outer most layer of a tooth
enamel
soft tissue within a tooth
pulp
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
pylorus
any one of four teeth in the dental arch (begins with in)
incisor
hormone that helps transport sugar into the blood
insulin
Appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
membrane (peritoneal fold) that holds the intestines
together
Mesentery
When fluid passes from the bloodstream and collects in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
Lack of appetite
Anorexia
bowel sounds
borborygmi
Difficulty in passing stools (feces)
constipation
Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
Diarrhea
Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
Eructation
Gas expelled through anus
Flatus
Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
Hematochezia
chezia=
defecation
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Jaundice
hyperbilirubinemia
high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
Melena
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
Nausea
Fat in the feces
Steatorrhea
Steatorrhea
fat in the feces
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers (canker sores
Aphthous stomatisis
Dental plaque results from the accumilation of foods on tooth enamel
Dental caries
Inflammation of the mouth
Blisters on lips (cold sores)
Herpetic Stomatitis
White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
Oral leukoplakia
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
periodontal disease
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
Achalsia
Malignant tumor of the esophagus
Esophageal cancer
Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Esophageal varices
Malignant tumor of the stomach
Gastric cancer
Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
Hernia
occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
peptic ulcer
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
Anal fistula
Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
Colonic polyps
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Cron’s disease
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
colorectal disease
Abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal
wall of the colon
diverticulosis
Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly
caused by bacterial infection
dysentery
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
hemorrhoids
Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the
intestines
ileus
Inflammation of the colon and small intestine
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Telescoping of the intestines.
intussusception
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating,
diarrhea, constipation) without structural
abnormalities in the intestines
Irritable bowel syndrome
Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of
ulcers.
ulcerative colitis
Twisting of the intestine on itself
volvulus
cholecystitis
(inflammation and
infection of the gallbladder
(laparoscopic cholecystectomy
removing gallbladder and stones
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
Cirrhosis
hepatocellular
carcinoma
(HCC)
Liver cancer
cholangiocarcinomas
Liver cancers that begin in the bile ducts
Lapar/o and celi/o mean
