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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Your sensations and perceptions of external events and your self-awareness of mental events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about your experiences and yourself

A

Consciousness

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2
Q

Normal, clear alert awareness

A

Waking consciousness

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3
Q

Changes that occur in quality abd pattern of mental activity: different from waking consciousbess

A

Altered State of Consciousness

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4
Q

Innate biological rhythm that can never be entirely ignored

A

Sleep

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5
Q

Lowering body and brain activities and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life

A

Repair/restorative theories of sleep

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6
Q

Sleep loss: 4 or more days without sleep

A

Sleep deprivation

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7
Q

Excessive daytime sleepiness; arises after even a few hours of sleep loss

A

Hypersomnia

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8
Q

A day or more of sleep deprivation can lead to..

A

Difficulty staying alert, microsleeps, and even sleep-deprivation psychosis

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9
Q

Brief shift in brain activity to normal pattern normally recorded during sleep

A

Microsleep

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10
Q

Confusion, disorientation& delusions and hallucinations that occur due to sleep loss

A

Sleep deprivation psychosis

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11
Q

Daily rhythms of sleep and waking

A

Sleep pattern

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12
Q

Older people sleep less than younger people (T/F)

A

T

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13
Q

Brain wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain

A

Electroencephenograph

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14
Q

Small, fast waves associated with alertness

A

Beta waves

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15
Q

Larger, slower waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

A

Alpha waves

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16
Q

Largest, slowest waves associated with deep sleep

A

Delta waves

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17
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

Stage 1: (light sleep) small, irregular waves produced in light sleep (people may or may not say they were alseep)
-causes hypnic jerk- reflex muscle twitch caused by muscle relaxation

Stage 2: deeper sleep - sleep spindles: short burst of distinctive brain-wav activity that appear at the threshold of sleep

Stage 3: even deeper sleep - delta waves appear (very large and slow)

Stage 4: deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely delta sleep

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18
Q

Two basic states of sleep

A

Non-REM (NREM) and REM (rapid eye movement

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19
Q

Dual process hypothesis of sleep

A

REM and NREM sleep help “refresh” the brain and store memories

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20
Q
  • NREM occurs at stages 1,2,3,4
  • 90% of non-REM sleep is dream free
  • Deepest during the first few stage 4 period
  • increases after physical exertion
  • help recover from bodily fatigue
  • delta waves (slow wave) sleep early in the night brings overall brain activation levels back down, allowing a fresh approach the next day
A

Function of NREM

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21
Q
  • associated with dreaming; sleeping is very light
  • return to stage 1 sleep EEG patterns
  • body is very still during REM sleep; lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called REM behaviour disorder
  • REM sleep appears appears to “sharpen” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences
  • stress increases REM sleep
A

Functions of REM sleep

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22
Q

Sleep disturbances

A

Insomnia, sleepwalking/talking/sex, nightmares and night terrors, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, narcolepsy

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23
Q

Difficulty getting sleep - frequent nighttime awakening - waking up too early

(Remedy: avoid fighting it: get up and do something satisfying - return to bed when struggling to stay awake)

Chronic: exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks -a adopt regular scheduke: go to bed same time each night

Sleeping pills exacerbate it: causes decrease in REM and stage 4 sleep + cause dependency

A

Insomnia

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24
Q

Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills

A

Drug dependency insomnia

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25
Q

Behavioural remedies for insomnia

A

Stimulus control: linking a particular response with a specific stimuli - establishing regular sleep schedule

Sleep restriction: restricting sleep to normal sleeping hours

Paradoxical intention: try to stay awake as long as possible

Relaxation: use of physical/mental relaxation strategy before going to sleep

Exercise: strenuous exercise earlier in the day promotes sleep

Food intake: eating starchy food containing trptophan increases serotonin thus leads to sleepiness

Stimulants: avoid stimulants like coffee and cigarettes

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26
Q

Occurs in NREM sleep during stage 3 and 4

A

Sleep walking

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27
Q

Speaking while sleeping - occurs during NREM sleep

A

Sleeptalking

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28
Q

Does sleepsex occur in NREM?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep

A

Nightmares

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30
Q

Total panic and hallucinations may occur during stage 4 NREM sleep - most common during childhood, may occur in adults

A

Night terrors

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31
Q

Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again to eliminate nightmares

A

Imagery rehearsal

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32
Q

Repeated intrruption of breathing during sleep - loud snoring with short silences and gasps for breath

A

Sleep apnea

  • treated by surgery, weight loss; continuous positive airway pressure mask
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33
Q

Sudden unexplained death of a healthy infant - may be related to sleep apnea, may have weak arousal reflex, should sleep on back to prevent it (fall into sleep suddenly)

A

Sudden Infant Death

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34
Q

Irresistable Sleep Attacks - may suffer from catalepsy - sudden and temporary muscle paralysis leading to complete body collapse - fall directly into REM sleep

A

Narcolepsy

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35
Q

Occurence of extra REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

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36
Q

Emphasizes internal conflicts and unconscious forces

A

Psychodynamic theory

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37
Q

Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires

A

Wish fulfillment

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38
Q

Images in dreams that have a deepr symbolic meaning

A

Dream symbols

39
Q

Obvious visible meaning of dream. Dream images as the dreamer remembers them (“visible content”)

A

Manifest content (of dreams)

40
Q

Hidden symbolic meaning of dream

A

Latent content

41
Q

Random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre, meaningless dreams by higher brain centers - brain tries to interpret random info and manufactures a dream

A

Activation-synthesis theory

42
Q

Dreams reflecr everyday working thoughts and emotions

A

Neurocognitive dream theory

43
Q

Altered state of consciousness characterised by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion

A

Hypnosis

44
Q

“Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness” - Ernest Hilgard proposed hypnosis as a dissociatice state - hidden observer: detached part of hypnotized person’s awareness that silently observes events

A

State theories

45
Q

Hypnosis is not a distinct state; blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience and role playing

A

Non state theories

46
Q

Reality of hypnosis

A
  • People must cooperate to be hypnotised
47
Q

Basic suggestion effect

A

Tendency of hypnotised people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary

48
Q

How easily a person can be hypnotised

A

Hypnotic susceptibility

49
Q

Hypnosis can:

A
  • increase memory
  • produce brief amnesia
  • reduce pain
  • produce sensory changes
  • get people to relax and make better progress in therapy
50
Q

Hypnosis cannot:

A
  • produce superhuman act
  • produce true age regression
  • force you to do things against your will
51
Q

Simulation of hypnotic effects - entertain, not hypnotise

A

Stage hypnosis

52
Q

People on stage do not want to spoil the act so they will follow any suggestion

A

Waking suggestibility

53
Q

Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness

A

Meditation

54
Q

Innate physiological pattern that opposes your body’s fight or flight mechanism

A

Relaxation response

55
Q

Forms of meditation

A

Concentrative meditation: you attend to a single focal point, object, thought or your own breathing

Mindfulness meditation: based on bewildering attention to become nonjudgementally aware of everything experienced at any given moment

56
Q

Any major reduction in amount/variety of sensory stimulation.

Benefits: sensory enhancement, relaxation, changing habits

REST: Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy

A

Sensory deprivation

57
Q

Open, non judgemental awareness of current experience and associated with self knowledge and wellbeing

A

Mindfulness

58
Q

Substance capable of altering atrention, judgement, memory, time, sense, self-control, emotion, ot perception

A

Psychoactive drug

59
Q

Subtance that increases activity in body and nervous systen

A

Stimulant

60
Q

Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system

A

Depressant

61
Q

Compulsive use if a drug to maintain bodily comfort

Withdrawal symptoms: physical illness and discomfort followinf withdrawal of a drug

A

Physical dependencw (addiction)

62
Q

Reduction in body’s response to a drug

A

Drug tolerance

63
Q

Use of drug necessary to maintain comfort or well-being - crave drugs and its rewarding qualities

A

Psychological dependence

64
Q

Patterns of drug abuse

A
  • Experimental: short-term, out of curiousity
  • Socio-recreational: occasional social use for pleasure or relaxation
  • Situational: use to cope with a specific problem, such as needing to stay awake
  • Intensive: daily use with elements of dependence
  • Compulsive: intensive use and extreme dependence
65
Q

Abuse of more than one drug at the same time - when mixed, one drug enhances the effect of another; responsibke for thousands of fatao drug overdoses every year

A

Polydrug abuse

66
Q

Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous system (ie. dexedrine and methamphetamine) - treats ADHD to improve physical and mental performance (ie. Aderall and Ritalin)

A

Amphetamines

67
Q

Amphetaminr Abuse

A

Large doses = nausea, high blood pressure, fatal heart attacks, disabling strokes

68
Q

Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions

A

Amphetamine psychosis

69
Q

Central nervous system stimulant derived from the leaves of a coca plant - highky addictive - adhedonia (inability to feel pleasure - withdrawal)

A

Cocaine

70
Q

Chemically similar to amphetamine - created by small variations in the drug’s structure -may cause severe liver damage and fatal heart exhaustion - repeated use = serotonorgic brain

A

MDMA (ecstasy)

71
Q

Most frequenty used psychoactive drug in north america; in coffee, cola, etc.
- can cause tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness

A

Caffine

72
Q

Physiological dependence on caffeine - insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chilles, racing heart, elevated body temp. Can cause birth defects

A

Caffeinism

73
Q

Natural stimulant - found in tobacco, large doses can cause stomach pain, vomitting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors

  • very addictive
  • smoking-cause lung cancer (chewing tobacco also kills)
  • second-hand smoke; smokers also endanger the health of other nonsmokers nearby
A

Nicotine

74
Q

Sedative drugs that depress brain activity (seconal and nembutal)

A

Barbiturates

75
Q

Drug that relaxes and sedates; mix of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner - may result in nausea, loss of muscle control, sleep of unconsciousness - inhibits gag reflexes so some choke to death on their own vomit

A

GHB

76
Q

Drug that lowers anxiety and reduces tension (ie. Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Librium)

A

Tranquiliser

77
Q

Related to Valium, lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication - date rape drug - odorless and tasteless

A

Rohypnol

78
Q

Intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquours - depressant, not stimulant - lowers inhibitions

A

Ethyl alcohol

79
Q

Shortsighted thinking and perception that occurs during alcohol intoxication

A

Alcohol myopia

80
Q

Consuming 4-5 or more drinks in a short time - in teens = may lead to 10% loss of brain power, especially memory

A

Binge drinking

81
Q

Treatment for alcohol dependence:
Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long term treatment starts

A

Detoxification

82
Q

Worldwide self-help organisation composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes “12-step” program admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover

A

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

83
Q

Substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions

A

Hallucinogens

84
Q

Hallucinogen that can prodyluce hallucinations and other psychotic-like symptoms

A

LSD- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

85
Q

Other hallucinogens

A

Mescaline (peyote) and psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

86
Q

Initially hallucinogenic effects - also an anesthetic and has stimulant/depressant effects

A

Angel dust

87
Q

Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant - cannabis sativa

A

Marijuana

88
Q

Resinous material scraped from cannabis leaves

A

Hashish

89
Q

Risks of Marijuana

A
  • increase risk of cancer
  • supporess immune system - increase risk of disease
  • THC may cause higher risk of miscarriage
  • activity levels in cerebellum lower than normal in pot users
  • pot may damage some of brain’s memory centers
90
Q

Four dream processes hide true purpose of dreams (dream interpretation - freud)

A

1) condensation - combining several people/objects into a single dream image
2) displacement - directing emotions or actions toward safe/unimportant dream images
3) symbolisation: nonliteral expression of dream content
4) Secondary elaboration: making a dream more logical and complete while remembering it

91
Q

“Most dreams are a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings we need to reown”

A

Fritz Perls

92
Q

Dreams arise as our brains seek to make creative connections - focus on unusual dream elements to unlock a dream’s meaning - overall emotional tone = major clue to its meaning

A

Ernest Hartmann

93
Q

Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capabke of normal thought and action

A

Lucid dreaming

Introduction to Psychology (4 decks)

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