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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Device that convert one kind of energy into another

A

Transducers

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2
Q

The process of detecting physical energies with sensory organs

A

Sensation

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3
Q

Mental process of organising sensation into meaningful patterns

A

Perception

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4
Q

Study of relationship between physical stimuli and sensations they evoke in a human observer

A

Psychophysics

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5
Q

The minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation

A

Absolute threshold

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6
Q

A decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus

A

Sensory adaptation

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7
Q

Separation of sensory information into important elements

A

Sensory analysis

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8
Q

Basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges or colours

A

Perceptual features

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9
Q

Neural signals that sense organs use to transmit info to the brain

A

Sensory coding

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10
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable to an observer

A

Difference threshold

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11
Q

Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message (focus on book while not noticing the sensation of back against chair)

A

Selective attention

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12
Q

A failure to notice a stimulus because attention in focused elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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13
Q

Type of sensation you experience depends on which area the brain is activated

A

Sensory localisation

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14
Q

Narrow spread of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the eyes respond

A

Visible spectrum

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15
Q

Basic colour categories corresponding differently to light wavelengths

A

Hue

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16
Q

Degree to which wavelengths of light are “pure” or “mixed”

A

Saturation

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17
Q

Amplitude/height of light waves

A

Brightness

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18
Q

Coloured circular muscle that controls amount of light entering eye

A

Iris

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19
Q

Opening at front of eye through which light passes

A

Pupil

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20
Q

Transparent membrane covering the front of the eye - bends light rays inwards

A

Cornea

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21
Q

Structure in the eye that focuses on light rays

A

Lens

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22
Q

Changes in shape of the lens of the eye to focus light on the retina

A

Accomodation

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23
Q

Four Visual Problems

A

Hyperopia, Myopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia

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24
Q

Hyperopia

A

Difficulty focusing on nearby objects (farsighted)

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25
Q

Myopia

A

Difficulty focusing on far away objects (nearsighted)

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26
Q

Astigmatism

A

Corneal or lens defect - causes some area to be out of focus

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27
Q

Presbyopia

A

Difficulty focusing cause by loss of flexibility in lens due to ageing

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28
Q

Light sensitive layer at back of the eye

A

Retina

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29
Q

Light sensitive cells in the retina

A

Photoreceptors

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30
Q

Photoreceptors - colors and bright light - 5 million in each eye

A

Cones

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31
Q

Photoreceptors - dim light - produce black and white - about 120 million in each eye

A

Rods

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32
Q

Area of retina lacking photoreceptors

A

Blind spot

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33
Q

Sharpness of visual perception

A

Visual acuity

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34
Q

Area at center of retina containing only cone (sharp image) containing only cones

A

Fovea

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35
Q

Vision at edges of visual field

A

Peripheral vision

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36
Q

Loss of peripheral vision

A

Tunnel vision

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37
Q

Colour vision theory that states we have 3 cone types: red, green and blue (other colours are a combination of these)

A

Trichronatic theory

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38
Q

Theory of colour vision based on three coding systems (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)

A

Opponent process theory

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39
Q

Visual sensation that remains after stimulus is removed

A

Afterimage

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40
Q

Inabikity to perceive colours; lack cones or malfunctioning cones

A

Colour blindness

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41
Q

Inability to distinguish some colours (red-green most common - more in men than women - sex-linked - recessive)

A

Colour weakness

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42
Q

Test for colour blindness and colot weakness

A

Ishihara test

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43
Q

Increased retinal sensitivity to light after entering the dark; going from daylight into dark movie theatre

A

Dark adaptation

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44
Q

Light-sensitive pigment in rods - involved with night vision

A

Rhodopsin

45
Q

Blindness under low-light conditions

A

Night blindness

46
Q

Rhythmic movement of air molecules

A

Soundwaves

47
Q

Number of waves per second; corresponds to perceived higher/lower pitch

A

Frequency

48
Q

Physical sound intensity - corresonds to perceived loudness

A

Amplitude

49
Q

Visible part of external (outer) ear

A

Pinna

50
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

51
Q

Three small bones that vibrates - links eardrum with cochlea (middle ear)

A

Auditory ossicles - malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

52
Q

Snail shaped organ that makes up inner ear

A

Cochlea

53
Q

Receptor cells within cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses

A

Hair cells

54
Q

As pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are fed into auditoy nerve - tones up to 4000 Hz are converted into nerve impulses that match the frequency of each tone

A

Frequency theory

55
Q

Higher and lower tones excite specific areas of cochlea

A

Place theory

56
Q

Poor transfer of sounds from eardrum to inner ear - compensate with amplifier (hearing aid)

A

Conductive hearing loss

57
Q

Caused by damage to hair cells or auditory nerver - hearing aids offer little help -

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

58
Q

Electronic device that stimulates auditory nerves directly

A

Cochlear implant

59
Q

Damage caused bg exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds, typical at rock concerts - by 65, 40% of hair cells are gone

A

Noice-Induced Hearing Loss

60
Q

Sense of smell

A

Olfaction

61
Q

Odors are related to shapes of chemicals and molecules

A

Lock-and-key theory

62
Q

Loss or impairment of sense of smelo

A

Dysosmia

63
Q

Sense of taste

A

Gustation

64
Q

Most to least sensitive taste sensation

A

Bitter, sour, salt, sweet

65
Q

Possible fifth tatse sensation

A

Umami

66
Q

Taste receptor cells

A

Taste buds

67
Q

Sensation produced by skin, muscle, joint, viscera, organs of balance

A

Somesthetic senses

68
Q

Light touch, pressure, pain, cold, warmth - specialised receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, temperature - number of receptor relates to sensitivity

A

Skin senses (touch)

69
Q

Detect body position and movement

A

Kinesthetic

70
Q

Control balance, acceleration and gravity (in inner ear)

A

Vestibular senses

71
Q

Type of pain: Pain carried by large nerve fibers; sharp, bright, fast pain that tells you body damage is occuring (ie. Knife cut)

A

Warning system

72
Q

Type of pain: Small nerve fibers; slower, nagging, aching; widespread, gets worae if stimulus is repeated, remind brain that body is injured

A

Reminding system

73
Q

Pain messages from different nerve fibers pass through same neural gate in spinal cord - if gate is closed by warning system message, reminding system messages cannot enter - explains pain-killing effects if acupuncture + counter irritation (self inflicted mild warning pain to lessen impact of reminding pain)

A

Gate control theory

74
Q

Can fear increase pain (T/F)

A

T

75
Q

If you can regulate a painful stimulus, you have control over it (T/F)

A

T

76
Q

Distraction cannot significantly reduce pain (T/F)

A

F

77
Q

Interpretation you give a stimulus affects pain (T/F)

A

T

78
Q

(Vestibular system) Sensitive to movement, acceleration and gravity

A

Otolith organs

79
Q

Fluid-filled tubes in ears that are sensory organs for balancw

A

Semicircular canals

80
Q

“Float” that detects movement in semi circular canals

A

Crista

81
Q

Is motion sickness related to vestibular system? (T/F)

A

T

82
Q

Motion sickness reults from a mismatch beteeen information from vision, vestibular system and kinesthesis - after spinning and stopping, fluid in semicircular canals still spinning but head is not - mismatch leads to sickness

A

Sensory conflict theory

83
Q

How we assemble sensation into meaningful patterns

A

Perception

84
Q

Mental model of external events that are actively created by your brain

A

Perceptual constructions

85
Q

Perceptual miscontruction

A

Illusion

86
Q

Perception with no basis in external reality

A

Hallucination

87
Q

Obtaining additional information to check your perceptions

A

Reality testing

88
Q

Analysing info starting at the bottom and going upwards to form a complete perception

A

Bottom-up processing

89
Q

Pre-existing knowlesge used to rapidly organise features into a meaningful whole

A

Top-down processing

90
Q

(Gestalt Principles) - part of a stimulus -stands out as an object (figure) against a plainer background (ground)

A

Figure-ground organisation

91
Q

(Gestalt Principles) Figure and ground that can be reversed

A

Reversible figure

92
Q

(Gestalt Principles) Stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together

A

Nearness

93
Q

(Gestalt Principles) Stimuli similar in size, shape, colour or form tends to be group together

A

Similarity

94
Q

(Gestalt Principles) Perception tend toward simplicity and continuity

A

Continuity

95
Q

(Gestalt Principles) Tendency to complete a figure so it has a consistent overall form

A

Closure

96
Q

(Gestalt Principles) nearness in time ajd space- perceived that one thing causes another

A

Contiguity

97
Q

(Gestalt Principles) Stimuli found within common area tend to be grouped

A

Common region

98
Q

Initial plan/guess about how to actively guide or interpretation of sensations

A

Perceptual hypothesis

99
Q

Patterns allowing more than one interpretation

A

Ambiguous stimuli

100
Q

Two dimensional pattern that cannot he organised into a stable, consistent or meaningful three-dimensional perception

A

Impossible figure

101
Q

Perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in retinal image size

A

Size constancy

102
Q

Perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in retinal image

A

Shape constancy

103
Q

Apparent brightness of an object stays the same under changing lighting condition

A

Brightness constancies

104
Q

Ability to see three dimensionao space and to accurately judge distances

A

Depth perception

105
Q

Features of environment and messages from body that supply info about distance and space

A

Depth cues

106
Q

Discrepancy in images that reach the right and left eyes

A

Retinal disparity

107
Q

Fusion of two different retinal images into one overall 3-d image - powerful sensation of depth (like closing one one eyes, you see from a diff perspective and vice versa, but when both eyes open - can see everything)

A

Stereoscopic vision

108
Q

Degree to which the two eyes must turn inward to focus on an object

A

Convergence

Introduction to Psychology (4 decks)

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