Chapter 5 Flashcards
Focused attention
A situation in which individuals try to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other stimuli; also known as selective attention.
Divided attention
A situation in which two tasks are performed at the same time; also known as multi-tasking.
Cocktail party
The dificulties involved in attending to one voice when two or more people are speaking at the same time.
Dichotic listening task
A different auditory message is presented to each ear and attention has to be directed to one message.
Shadowing
Repeating one auditory message word for word as it is presented while a second auditory message is also presented; it is used on the dichotic listening task.
Split attention
attention directed to two or more non-adjacent regions in space
Hemifield
one half of the visual ield). Note that the right hemisphere One half of the visual ield. Information from receives visual signals from the left hemiield and the left hemisphere the left hemiield of each receives signals from the right hemiield
Inhibition of return
A reduced probability of visual attention returning to a recently attended option
Covert attention
Attention to an object in the absence of an eye movement towards it
Default mode network
A network of brain regions that is active “by default” when an individual is not involved in a current task; it is associated with internal processes including mind- wandering, remembering the past and imagining the future.
Neglect
A disorder involving right-hemisphere damage (typically) in which the left side of objects and/ or objects presented to the left visual ield are undetected; the condition resembles extinction but is more severe.
Pseudo-neglect
A slight tendency in healthy individuals to favour the left side of visual space.
Extinction
A disorder of visual attention in which a stimulus presented to the side opposite the brain damage is not detected when another stimulus is presented at the same time to the side of the brain damage.
Visual search
visual search where a speciied target is detected as rapidly as possible
Illusory conjunction
Mistakenly combining two features from different stimuli to perceive a nonexistent object
Fovea
The focal point of vision in the visual acuity is best
Visual crowding
The inability to recognize objects in the peripheral due to crowding objects
Cross-modal attention
The coordination of attention across two or more modalities (e.g., vision and audition).
Ventriloquism effect
The mistaken perception that sounds are coming from their apparent source (as in ventriloquism).
Temporal ventriloquism effect
Judging timing of auditory stimulus by visual stimulus
Endogenous spatial attention
Attention to a stimulus controlled by intentions or goal-directed mechanisms.
Exogenous spatial attention
Attention to a given spatial location determined by “automatic” processes.
Multi-tasking
Performing two or more tasks at the same time by switching rapidly between them.
Underadditivity
The finding that brain activation when tasks A and B are performed at the same time is less than the sum of the brain activation when tasks A and B are performed separately.
Psychological refractory period effect (PRP)
The slowing of the response to the second of two stimuli when presented close together in time.
Stimulus onset asynchrony
Time interval between the start of two stimuli.
Crosstalk
I’d dual tasks, this is the direct interference that can occur
Backwards crosstalk effect
Aspects of Task 2 inluence response selection and performance speed on Task 1 in studies on the psychological refractory period (PRP) effect.
