Chapter 5 Flashcards
Saturated fatty acids characteristics
contain no double bonds and are generally solid at room temperature
Monounsaturated fatty acids characteristics
have one double bond and are generally liquid at room temperature
polyunsaturated fatty acids characteristics
have two or more double bonds and are generally liquid at room temperature
Cholesterol characteristics
- Key component of cell membranes
* Found in butter but not margarine
Saturated fatty acids are found in
coconut oil, palm kernel oil, butter, cheese, whole milk, cream, lard, and beef fat
Monosaturated fatty acids are found in
olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, cashew nuts, almonds, and avocado
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in
soy oil, canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and walnuts
Hydrogenation
the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids making them more saturated
Eicosanoids characteristics
- They are derived from the essential fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid.
- They help regulate a variety of body processes including gastric motility, blood clotting, and inflammation.
- There must be a balance between the various eicosanoids
Lipid functions
- Carrier of fat/soluble vitamins
- Insulator/shock absorber
- Energy
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) characteristics
- Can be increased through exercise
* Removes cholesterol from the cells and returns it to the liver for elimination or recycling
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) characteristics
- Associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
* Delivers cholesterol to the cells.
Increases the risk of heart disease
Saturated fat
Decreases the risk of heart disease
- Monounsaturated fat
- Polyunsaturated fat
- Omega-3 fats
Micelles
transport digested lipids to the intestinal mucosal cell
Lipids definition
A diverse group of organic substances that are insoluble in water; lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Glycerol definition
An alcohol composed of three carbon atoms; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule
Fatty acids definition
An acid composed of a long chain of carbon atoms bound to each other as well as to hydrogen atoms, with a carboxyl group at the alpha end of the chain
Docosahexaenoic Acid definition
A metabolic derivative of alpha-linolenic acid; also available from marine foods
Linoleic acid definition
An essential fatty acid found in vegetable and nut oils; an omega-6 fatty acid
Alpha-linolenic acid definition
An essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables, flaxseed oil, soy oil, fish oil, and fish products; an omega-3 fatty acid
Lipoprotein definition
A spherical compound in which fat clusters in the center of phospholipids and proteins form the outside of the sphere
Lipids types
- Triglycerides (fats and oils)
- Phospholipids (lecithin)
- Sterols (cholesterol)
Functions of triglycerides
- Energy
- Provides satiety
- Insulation/protection
- Carrier
Total fat should make up ______% of total calories
20-35%
Phospholipids definition
A type of lipid that is soluble in both fat and water
Phospholipids function
a. cell membrane synthesis
b. lipoproteins
c. Component of bile
Sterols function
a. bile
b. vitamin d
c. sex hormones
d. cell membrane synthesis
Lipoprotein function
Transport vehicles for lipids
Types of cardiovascular disease
- Hypertension - high blood pressure
2. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - buildup of plaque in arteries
Metabolic syndrome definition
A combination of risk factors that increase chances of developing CHD
Presence of 3 or more of the following signify metabolic syndrome:
a. Abdominal obesity
b. Triglycerides >150mg/dL
c. Low HDL (women <50 mg/dl, men <40 mg/dl)
d. BP >130/85
e. Fasting glucose >100 mg/dL
Target total cholesterol
<200 mg/dl
Target HDL
> 50 mg/dl
Target LDL
<130 mg/dl
Target blood pressure
<120/80 mm Hg
