Chapter 4B - Perception

Question 1

fake or misleading perceptions

Answer 1

illusions

Question 2

process of taking raw sensations from the environment and interpret them, using knowledge, experience and understanding of the world so that the sensations become meaningful experiences.

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

cases in which our perceptual experience of a stimulus differs from the actual characteristics of that stimulus.

Answer 3

perceptual failures/errors

Question 4

computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory information into an experience of reality

Answer 4

computational approach

Question 5

past experiences and knowledge, including culture, create expectations

Answer 5

constructivist approach

Question 6

humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher level analysis and inferences

Answer 6

ecological approach

Question 7

choosing where to direct our attention

Answer 7

selection

Question 8

filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages

Answer 8

selective attention

Question 9

involves shifting attention by pointing sensory systems at a particular stimulus

Answer 9

overt orienting

Question 10

involves shifting attention without moving

Answer 10

covert orienting

Question 11

goal oritented attention; occurs when you purposely focus on it

Answer 11

voluntary attention

Question 12

stimulus-driven attention; occurs when a stimulus in the environment captures attention

Answer 12

involuntary attention

Question 13

allows us to focus on stimuli occurring in one part of the environment while ignoring stimuli in other parts

Answer 13

inattentional blindness

Question 14

a skill that allows one to divide attention and do more than one thing at a time

Answer 14

multitasking

Question 15

occurs when different messages are played into each ear

Answer 15

dichotic listening task

Question 16

group of specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information

Answer 16

feature detectors

Question 17

failure to know whose face they are looking at

Answer 17

prosopagnosia

Question 18

tendency of the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant

Answer 18

habituation

Question 19

the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

Answer 19

gestalt psychologists

Question 20

figures are the features to be emphasized, while others are relegated to ground which are the less relevant background

Answer 20

figure-ground organization

Question 21

see things that appear next to each other as being together

Answer 21

proximity

Question 22

look at figures as continuous lines

Answer 22

continuity

Question 23

fill in the missing pieces

Answer 23

closure

Question 24

group things that are similar to one another

Answer 24

similarity

Question 25

perceived size of an object remains the same even though the size of it's retinal image changes

Answer 25

size constancy

Question 26

occurs as an object appears the same, even though the shape of it's retinal image changes

Answer 26

shape constancy

Question 27

perceive things as retaining the same color or brightness levels even though the amount of light may vary

Answer 27

color constancy and brightness constancy

Question 28

the ability to perceive three dimensional space and to accurately judge distance

Answer 28

depth perception

Question 29

apparatus used to test depth perception in infants

Answer 29

visual cliff

Question 30

closer objects block the view of things far away

Answer 30

interposition (occasion)

Question 31

if two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object producing a larger image on the retina is perceived as closer

Answer 31

relative size

Question 32

more sit at objects are usually higher in the visual field than those nearby

Answer 32

height in the visual field

Question 33

a graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field. texture appears less detailed as distance increases

Answer 33

texture gradient

Question 34

distant objects often appear hazier and tend to take on a bluish tone. object are seen as three dimensional because of shadows

Answer 34

clarity, color, and shadow

Question 35

binocular cue to distance where the separation of the eyes causes different images to fall on each retina

Answer 35

retinal disparity

Question 36

binocular depth cue in which the close the objects the more eye converge, or turn inward

Answer 36

convergence

Question 37

visual input from a single alone that contributes to perception of depth or distance

Answer 37

monocular cues

Question 38

visual input from two eyes that allows perception of depth or distance

Answer 38

binocular cues

Question 39

the difference in the apparent movement of objects

Answer 39

motion parallax

Question 40

muscles surrounding the lens either tighten or relax

Answer 40

accommodation

Question 41

rapid expansion in size of an image so that it fills the retina, is automatically perceived as an approaching stimulus and not an expanding object

Answer 41

looming

Question 42

an illusion of motion in which lights or images flashed in rapid succession are perceived as moving

Answer 42

stroboscopic motion