Chapter 4B - Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

fake or misleading perceptions

A

illusions

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2
Q

process of taking raw sensations from the environment and interpret them, using knowledge, experience and understanding of the world so that the sensations become meaningful experiences.

A

perception

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3
Q

cases in which our perceptual experience of a stimulus differs from the actual characteristics of that stimulus.

A

perceptual failures/errors

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4
Q

computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory information into an experience of reality

A

computational approach

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5
Q

past experiences and knowledge, including culture, create expectations

A

constructivist approach

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6
Q

humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher level analysis and inferences

A

ecological approach

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7
Q

choosing where to direct our attention

A

selection

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8
Q

filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages

A

selective attention

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9
Q

involves shifting attention by pointing sensory systems at a particular stimulus

A

overt orienting

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10
Q

involves shifting attention without moving

A

covert orienting

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11
Q

goal oritented attention; occurs when you purposely focus on it

A

voluntary attention

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12
Q

stimulus-driven attention; occurs when a stimulus in the environment captures attention

A

involuntary attention

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13
Q

allows us to focus on stimuli occurring in one part of the environment while ignoring stimuli in other parts

A

inattentional blindness

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14
Q

a skill that allows one to divide attention and do more than one thing at a time

A

multitasking

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15
Q

occurs when different messages are played into each ear

A

dichotic listening task

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16
Q

group of specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information

A

feature detectors

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17
Q

failure to know whose face they are looking at

A

prosopagnosia

18
Q

tendency of the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant

A

habituation

19
Q

the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

A

gestalt psychologists

20
Q

figures are the features to be emphasized, while others are relegated to ground which are the less relevant background

A

figure-ground organization

21
Q

see things that appear next to each other as being together

A

proximity

22
Q

look at figures as continuous lines

A

continuity

23
Q

fill in the missing pieces

A

closure

24
Q

group things that are similar to one another

A

similarity

25
Q

perceived size of an object remains the same even though the size of it’s retinal image changes

A

size constancy

26
Q

occurs as an object appears the same, even though the shape of it’s retinal image changes

A

shape constancy

27
Q

perceive things as retaining the same color or brightness levels even though the amount of light may vary

A

color constancy and brightness constancy

28
Q

the ability to perceive three dimensional space and to accurately judge distance

A

depth perception

29
Q

apparatus used to test depth perception in infants

A

visual cliff

30
Q

closer objects block the view of things far away

A

interposition (occasion)

31
Q

if two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object producing a larger image on the retina is perceived as closer

A

relative size

32
Q

more sit at objects are usually higher in the visual field than those nearby

A

height in the visual field

33
Q

a graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field. texture appears less detailed as distance increases

A

texture gradient

34
Q

distant objects often appear hazier and tend to take on a bluish tone. object are seen as three dimensional because of shadows

A

clarity, color, and shadow

35
Q

binocular cue to distance where the separation of the eyes causes different images to fall on each retina

A

retinal disparity

36
Q

binocular depth cue in which the close the objects the more eye converge, or turn inward

A

convergence

37
Q

visual input from a single alone that contributes to perception of depth or distance

A

monocular cues

38
Q

visual input from two eyes that allows perception of depth or distance

A

binocular cues

39
Q

the difference in the apparent movement of objects

A

motion parallax

40
Q

muscles surrounding the lens either tighten or relax

A

accommodation

41
Q

rapid expansion in size of an image so that it fills the retina, is automatically perceived as an approaching stimulus and not an expanding object

A

looming

42
Q

an illusion of motion in which lights or images flashed in rapid succession are perceived as moving

A

stroboscopic motion