Chapter 49 - Nervous Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe general structure and function of the central nervous system, including supporting cells.

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Glia cells
    • Support & protect neurons
    • Astrocytes:
      • increases blood flow to active neurons
      • acts in blood-brain barrier
    • Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells:
      • Form myelin axon sheaths in vertebrates
    • Phagocytic microglia:
      • “Immune system” attacking mistakes from blood-brain barrier
    • Ciliated ependymal cells:
      • Line ventricles and help with fluid circuliation
      • “Provide cushion”
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2
Q

Describe general structure and function of the peripheral nervous system, including supporting cells.

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Ganglia outside central nervous system
  • Spinal nerves
  • Further divides…
    • Efferent neurons:
      • Motor system:
        • Locomotion:
          “Voluntary” (Mostly)
          Responds to external stimuli
          Carries signals to & from skeletal muscles
      • Autonomic nervous system:
        • “Involuntary”
          Responds to internal cues in other systems
          • Sympathetic division:
            “Fight or dlight”
          • Parasympathetic division:
            “Rest and digest”
          • Enteric division:
            Controls secretion/peristalsis
    • Afferent (sensory neurons):
      • Ex: hearing
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3
Q

Describe major functions of the brainstem.

A

Described as the “lower brain”:

  • Homeostasis & basic-life functions
  • Coordination of large-scale movement
  • Regulates wakefulness
  • Transmission of information between other parts of brain
  • Includes:
    • Midbrain
    • Pons
    • Medulla oblongata
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4
Q

Describe major functions of the cerebellum.

A
  • Responsible for coordination & error-checking of movement & balance (Think hand-eye coordination)
  • Motor skills (habits! Like, never forget how to ride a bike)
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5
Q

Describe major functions of the diencephalon.

A
  • Epithalamus:
    • Includes pineal gland
  • ​Thalamus:
    • Cerebrum’s input & output centre
  • ​Hypothalamus:
    • Homeostasis & “pure” behaviours
    • Produces hormones
    • Biological clock
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6
Q

Describe major functions of the cerebrum.

A
  • Consists of right and left hemispheres:
    • Control opposite sides of body.
    • Each with four-lobed cortex.
  • Responsible for perception, learning, voluntary movement, emotions, conscousness, memory.
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