Chapter 41 - Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the nutritional criteria diets must have.

A
  1. Provide fuel for cellular processes.
  2. Provide raw materials for biosynthesis.
  3. Proivde essential nutrients.
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2
Q

What raw materials are required for biosynthesis, and what do they provide?

A
  • Lipids
    • Fats & oils
    • Unsaturated vs. saturated (unsaturated has 1+ double bonds)
  • Carbohydrates (source of carbons)
    • Sugars & starches
    • Simple vs. complex
  • Proteins (source of nitrogen)
    • From amino acids
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3
Q

Describe essential vs. nonessential nutrients.

A

Necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body. Some are universal, others are species specific.
Including:

  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • Vitamins (organic)
  • Minetrals (inorganic)

Nonessential nutrients are those nutrients that can be made by the body, they may often also be absorbed from consumed food.

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4
Q

Describe malnutrition and its forms.

A

“Failure to get sufficient nutrition”

  • Nutrient deficiency
    • Protein deficiency most common
  • Undernourishment
    • deficient in calories
    • draws on stored energy (first glycogen, then fat, then proteins)
  • Overnourishment
    • Excessive caloric intake
    • Causes obesity
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5
Q

Describe the stages of food processing.

A
  1. Ingestion
    • Mechanical digestion (chewing!)
  2. Digestion
    • Chemical digestion (enzymes)
  3. Absorption
    • Nutrient molecules enter body cells
  4. Eliminaton
    • Undigested material
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6
Q

Describe extraceullar vs. intraceullar digestion.

A
  • Extracellular digestion
    • Occurs in digestive tract
    • Uses digestive enzymes which are very acid.
      • Specialized compartments protect against self-digestion.
    • Digestive tract is incomplete or complete
  • Intraceullar digestion
    • Occurs intraceullarly using lysozomes
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7
Q

Describe incomplete vs. complete digestive systems.

A
  • Incomplete:
    • “Simple in = out”
  • Complete:
    • “Specialized one-way”
    • Can ingest while digesting
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8
Q

Describe the mammalian digestive system and where each stage of processing occurs.

A
  • Mouth (ingestion)
    • Teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • Esophagus (ingestion)
    • both striated & smooth muscle; waves of muscular contraction (peristalsis) move bolus of food to stomach
  • Stomach (digestion)
    • Stretchy, mucus-lined
    • HCl & pepsinogen (enzyme) → acid chyme (semifluid mass of partly digested food)
    • Helicobacter pylori (bacteria) & ulcers
  • Small intestine (digestion & absorption)
    • Liver & gallbladder, pancreas
    • Villi & microvilli (increase surface area) with capillaries & lacteals (lyhmpatic capillary)
  • Large intestine (absorption & elimination)
    • Full of microorganisms (gas & vitamins)
    • Leads to rectum
  • Anus (elimination)
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9
Q

Describe the modes of ingestion.

A
  • Suspension/ Filter Feeders:
    • Filter particles from the environment (ex: baleen whales, sponges)
  • Fluid Feeders:
    • Suck fluids from host (ex: bees, mosquitos)
  • Substrate Feeders:
    • Live on or in food source (ex: termites, earthworms)
  • Bulk feeders:
    • Ingest large pieces (ex: giraffe, wolves)
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10
Q

Describe feeding patterns.

A
  • Herbivores
    • Eat primary producers
  • Carnivores
    • Eat other animals
  • Omnivores
    • Eat everything
    • Most are opportunistic
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11
Q

Describe dental adaptions in carnivores, herbivores, and omniovres.

A
  • Carnivore
    • Large, pointed incisors & canines “rip & cut”
    • Jagged premolars and molars “crush & shred”
  • Herbivore
    • Broad, ridged premolars and molars “grind” tough plant material
    • Modified incisors & canines “bite off” vegetation
      • May be absent
  • Omnivore
    • Human’s teeth not good at specializing at anything
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12
Q

Describe homodonts vs. heterodonts.

A
  • Homodonts: Teeth are all about the same shape
    • Most vertebrates
  • Heterodonts: Teeth are specialized for different functions
    • Ex: snake’s fangs, anteater, etc.
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13
Q

Describe stomach & intestinal adaptations in carnivores vs. herbivores.

A
  • Carnivore
    • Large, expandable stomachs adapted for gorging with lengthy periods between meals
  • Herbivore
    • Longer intestinal tracts to ferment and process vegetation.
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14
Q

Describe symbiotic adaptions and some examples.

A
  • Some animals have microorganisms in fermentation chambers to hydrolyze cellulose.
    Location varies on species:
    • cecum, crop, stomach
  • Rodents & lagomorphs (bunnies):
    • symbionts located in large intestine
    • use coprophagy to extract extra nutrients
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15
Q

Describe glucose homeostasis.

A

Homeostasis defined as certain level (70-100 mg) of glucose per 100 mL of blood. Maintained by insulin & glucagon from pancreas via negative feedback:

  • Stimulus: Blood glucose level rises after eating.
  • Response: Pancreas secretes insulin.
  • Action: Transport of glucose into body cells & storage of glucose as glycogen.
  • Result: Homeostasis!
  • Stimulus: Blood glucose level drops below set point.
  • Response: Pancrease secretes glucagon.
  • Action: Breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into blood.
  • Result: Homeostasis!
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