CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems (9th Edition) // CHAPTER 43: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems (10th Edition) Flashcards

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1
Q

*** 1. A patient with hepatitis A is in the acute phase. The nurse plans care for the patient based on the knowledge that

a. pruritus is a common problem with jaundice in this phase.
b. the patient is most likely to transmit the disease during this phase.
c. gastrointestinal symptoms are not as severe in hepatitis A as they are in hepatitis B.
d. extrahepatic manifestations of glomerulonephritis and polyarteritis are common in this phase.

A

a. pruritus is a common problem with jaundice in this phase.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Ashley A.

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*** 2. A patient with acute hepatitis B is being discharged in 2 days. In the discharge teaching plan the nurse should include instructions to

a. avoid alcohol for the first 3 weeks.
b. use a condom during sexual intercourse.
c. have family members get an injection of immunoglobulin.
d. follow a low-protein, moderate-carbohydrate, moderate-fat diet.

A

b. use a condom during sexual intercourse.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Irma G.

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3
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*** 3. A patient has been told that she has elevated liver enzymes caused by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The nursing teaching plan should include

a. having genetic testing done.
b. recommending a heart-healthy diet.
c. the necessity to reduce weight rapidly.
d. avoiding alcohol until liver enzymes return to normal.

A

b. recommending a heart-healthy diet.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Ashley A.

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4
Q

*** 4. The patient with advanced cirrhosis asks why his abdomen is so swollen. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that

a. a lack of clotting factors promotes the collection of blood in the abdominal cavity.
b. portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia cause a fluid shift into the peritoneal space.
c. decreased peristalsis in the GI tract contributes to gas formation and distention of the bowel.
d. bile salts in the blood irritate the peritoneal membranes, causing edema and pocketing of fluid.

A

b. portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia cause a fluid shift into the peritoneal space.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Huyen T.

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5
Q

*** 5. In planning care for a patient with metastatic liver cancer, the nurse should include interventions that

a. focus primarily on symptomatic and comfort measures.
b. reassure the patient that chemotherapy offers a good prognosis.
c. promote the patient’s confidence that surgical excision of the tumor will be successful.
d. provide information necessary for the patient to make decisions regarding liver transplantation.

A

a. focus primarily on symptomatic and comfort measures.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Ben J.

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6
Q

*** 6. Nursing management of the patient with acute pancreatitis includes (select all that apply)

a. checking for signs of hypocalcemia.
b. providing a diet low in carbohydrates.
c. giving insulin based on a sliding scale.
d. observing stools for signs of steatorrhea.
e. monitoring for infection, particularly respiratory tract infection.

A

a. checking for signs of hypocalcemia.
e. monitoring for infection, particularly respiratory tract infection.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Huyen T.

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7
Q

*** 7. A patient with pancreatic cancer is admitted to the hospital for evaluation of possible treatment options. The patient asks the nurse to explain the Whipple procedure that the surgeon has described. The explanation includes the information that a Whipple procedure involves

a. creating a bypass around the obstruction caused by the tumor by joining the gallbladder to the jejunum.
b. resection of the entire pancreas and the distal portion of the stomach, with anastomosis of the common bile duct and the stomach into the duodenum.
c. removal of part of the pancreas, part of the stomach, the duodenum, and the gallbladder, with joining of the pancreatic duct, the common bile duct, and the stomach into the jejunum.
d. radical removal of the pancreas, the duodenum, and the spleen, and attachment of the stomach to the jejunum, which requires oral supplementation of pancreatic digestive enzymes and insulin replacement therapy.

A

c. removal of part of the pancreas, part of the stomach, the duodenum, and the gallbladder, with joining of the pancreatic duct, the common bile duct, and the stomach into the jejunum.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Leslie G.

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8
Q

*** 8. The nursing management of the patient with cholecystitis associated with cholelithiasis is based on the knowledge that

a. shock-wave therapy should be tried initially.
b. once gallstones are removed, they tend not to recur.
c. the disorder can be successfully treated with oral bile salts that dissolve gallstones.
d. laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice in most patients who are symptomatic.

A

d. laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice in most patients who are symptomatic.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Ben J.

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9
Q

*** 9. Teaching in relation to home management after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy should include

a. keeping the bandages on the puncture sites for 48 hours.
b. reporting any bile-colored drainage or pus from any incision.
c. using over-the-counter antiemetics if nausea and vomiting occur.
d. emptying and measuring the contents of the bile bag from the T tube every day.

A

b. reporting any bile-colored drainage or pus from any incision.

Chapter 44 Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Amanda Z.

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10
Q

*** 1. The nurse provides discharge instructions for a 64-year-old woman with ascites and peripheral edema related to cirrhosis. Which statement, if made by the patient, indicates teaching was effective?

a. “It is safe to take acetaminophen up to four times a day for pain.”
b. “Lactulose (Cephulac) should be taken every day to prevent constipation.”
c. “Herbs and other spices should be used to season my foods instead of salt.”
d. “I will eat foods high in potassium while taking spironolactone (Aldactone).”

A

c. “Herbs and other spices should be used to season my foods instead of salt.”

A low-sodium diet is indicated for the patient with ascites and edema related to cirrhosis. Table salt is a well-known source of sodium and should be avoided. Alternatives to salt to season foods include the use of seasonings such as garlic, parsley, onion, lemon juice, and spices. Pain medications such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen should be avoided as these medications may be toxic to the liver. The patient should avoid potentially hepatotoxic over-the-counter drugs (e.g., acetaminophen) because the diseased liver is unable to metabolize these drugs. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. Lactulose results in the acidification of feces in bowel and trapping of ammonia, causing its elimination in feces.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems - 9th Edition
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Irma G.

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11
Q

*** 2. The nurse is caring for a group of patients. Which patient is at highest risk for pancreatic cancer?

a. A 38-year-old Hispanic female who is obese and has hyperinsulinemia
b. A 23-year-old who has cystic fibrosis–related pancreatic enzyme insufficiency
c. A 72-year-old African American male who has smoked cigarettes for 50 years
d. A 19-year-old who has a 5-year history of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

c. A 72-year-old African American male who has smoked cigarettes for 50 years

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, age, cigarette smoking, family history of pancreatic cancer, high-fat diet, and exposure to chemicals such as benzidine. African Americans have a higher incidence of pancreatic cancer than whites. The most firmly established environmental risk factor is cigarette smoking. Smokers are two or three times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer as compared with nonsmokers. The risk is related to duration and number of cigarettes smoked.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Pre-Test - 9th Edition
Ben J.

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12
Q

*** 3. The nurse is caring for a 55-year-old man patient with acute pancreatitis resulting from gallstones. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit?

a. Hematochezia
b. Left upper abdominal pain
c. Ascites and peripheral edema
d. Temperature over 102o F (38.9o C)

A

c. Left upper abdominal pain

Abdominal pain (usually in the left upper quadrant) is the predominant manifestation of acute pancreatitis. Other manifestations of acute pancreatitis include nausea and vomiting, low-grade fever, leukocytosis, hypotension, tachycardia, and jaundice. Abdominal tenderness with muscle guarding is common. Bowel sounds may be decreased or absent. Ileus may occur and causes marked abdominal distention. Areas of cyanosis or greenish to yellow-brown discoloration of the abdominal wall may occur. Other areas of ecchymoses are the flanks (Grey Turner’s spots or sign, a bluish flank discoloration) and the periumbilical area (Cullen’s sign, a bluish periumbilical discoloration).

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Pre-Test - 9th Edition
Ben J.

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13
Q

*** 4. The nurse instructs a 50-year-old woman about cholestyramine to reduce pruritis caused by gallbladder disease. Which statement by the patient to the nurse indicates she understands the instructions?

a. “This medication will help me digest fats and fat-soluble vitamins.”
b. “I will apply the medicated lotion sparingly to the areas where I itch.”
c. “The medication is a powder and needs to be mixed with milk or juice.”
d. “I should take this medication on an empty stomach at the same time each day.”

A

c. “The medication is a powder and needs to be mixed with milk or juice.”

For treatment of pruritus, cholestyramine may provide relief. This is a resin that binds bile salts in the intestine, increasing their excretion in the feces. Cholestyramine is in powder form and should be mixed with milk or juice before oral administration.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Pre-Test - 9th Edition
Ben J.

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14
Q

*** 5. The nurse is caring for a woman recently diagnosed with viral hepatitis A. Which individual should the nurse refer for an immunoglobin (IG) injection?

a. A caregiver who lives in the same household with the patient
b. A friend who delivers meals to the patient and family each week
c. A relative with a history of hepatitis A who visits the patient daily
d. A child living in the home who received the hepatitis A vaccine 3 months ago

A

a. A caregiver who lives in the same household with the patient

IG is recommended for persons who do not have anti-HAV antibodies and are exposed as a result of close contact with persons who have HAV or foodborne exposure. Persons who have received a dose of HAV vaccine more than 1 month previously or who have a history of HAV infection do not require IG.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Pre-Test - 9th Edition
Amy S.

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15
Q

*** 1. The patient with sudden pain in the left upper quadrant radiating to the back and vomiting was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. What intervention(s) should the nurse expect to include in the patient’s plan of care?

a. Immediately start enteral feeding to prevent malnutrition.
b. Insert an NG and maintain NPO status to allow pancreas to rest.
c. Initiate early prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent infection.
d. Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) every 4 hours for pain relief.

A

d. Insert an NG and maintain NPO status to allow pancreas to rest.

Initial treatment with acute pancreatitis will include an NG tube if there is vomiting and being NPO to decrease pancreatic enzyme stimulation and allow the pancreas to rest and heal. Fluid will be administered to treat or prevent shock. The pain will be treated with IV morphine because of the NPO status. Enteral feedings will only be used for the patient with severe acute pancreatitis in whom oral intake is not resumed. Antibiotic therapy is only needed with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and signs of infection.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Adriana B.

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16
Q

*** 2. The patient with cirrhosis has an increased abdominal girth from ascites. The nurse should know that this fluid gathers in the abdomen for which reasons?
Select all that apply.

a. There is decreased colloid oncotic pressure from the liver’s inability to synthesize albumin.
b. Hyperaldosteronism related to damaged hepatocytes increases sodium and fluid retention.
c. Portal hypertension pushes proteins from the blood vessels, causing leaking into the peritoneal cavity.
d. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate thirst, which causes the stimulation to take in fluids orally.
e. Overactivity of the enlarged spleen results in increased removal of blood cells from the circulation, which decreases the vascular pressure.

A

a. There is decreased colloid oncotic pressure from the liver’s inability to synthesize albumin.
b. Hyperaldosteronism related to damaged hepatocytes increases sodium and fluid retention.
c. Portal hypertension pushes proteins from the blood vessels, causing leaking into the peritoneal cavity.

The ascites related to cirrhosis are caused by decreased colloid oncotic pressure from the lack of albumin from liver inability to synthesize it and the portal hypertension that shifts the protein from the blood vessels to the peritoneal cavity, and hyperaldosteronism which increases sodium and fluid retention. The intake of fluids orally and the removal of blood cells by the spleen do not directly contribute to ascites.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Amy S.

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17
Q

*** 3. When planning care for a patient with cirrhosis, the nurse will give highest priority to which nursing diagnosis?

a. Impaired skin integrity related to edema, ascites, and pruritus
b. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia
c. Excess fluid volume related to portal hypertension and hyperaldosteronism
d. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pressure on diaphragm and reduced lung volume

A

d. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pressure on diaphragm and reduced lung volume

Although all of these nursing diagnoses are appropriate and important in the care of a patient with cirrhosis, airway and breathing are always the highest priorities.CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Huyen T.

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18
Q

*** 4. When teaching the patient with acute hepatitis C (HCV), the patient demonstrates understanding when the patient makes which statement?

a. “I will use care when kissing my wife to prevent giving it to her.”
b. “I will need to take adofevir (Hepsera) to prevent chronic HCV.”
c. “Now that I have had HCV, I will have immunity and not get it again.”
d. “I will need to be checked for chronic HCV and other liver problems.”

A

d. “I will need to be checked for chronic HCV and other liver problems.”

The majority of patients who acquire HCV usually develop chronic infection, which may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. HCV is not transmitted via saliva, but percutaneously and via high-risk sexual activity exposure. The treatment for acute viral hepatitis focuses on resting the body and adequate nutrition for liver regeneration. Adofevir (Hepsera) is taken for severe hepatitis B (HBV) with liver failure. Chronic HCV is treated with pegylated interferon with ribavirin. Immunity with HCV does not occur as it does with HAV and HBV, so the patient may be reinfected with another type of HCV.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Adriana B.

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19
Q

*** 5. A 54-year-old patient admitted with diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, osteomyelitis, and alcohol abuse has a serum amylase level of 280 U/L and a serum lipase level of 310 U/L. To what diagnosis does the nurse attribute these findings?

a. Malnutrition
b. Osteomyelitis
c. Alcohol abuse
d. Diabetes mellitus

A

c. Alcohol abuse

The patient with alcohol abuse could develop pancreatitis as a complication, which would increase the serum amylase (normal 30-122 U/L) and serum lipase (normal 31-186 U/L) levels as shown.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Adriana B.

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20
Q

*** 6. The patient with cirrhosis is being taught self-care. Which statement indicates the patient needs more teaching?

a. “If I notice a fast heart rate or irregular beats, this is normal for cirrhosis.”
b. “I need to take good care of my belly and ankle skin where it is swollen.”
c. “A scrotal support may be more comfortable when I have scrotal edema.”
d. “I can use pillows to support my head to help me breathe when I am in bed.”

A

a. “If I notice a fast heart rate or irregular beats, this is normal for cirrhosis.”

If the patient with cirrhosis experiences a fast or irregular heart rate, it may be indicative of hypokalemia and should be reported to the health care provider, as this is not normal for cirrhosis. Edematous tissue is subject to breakdown and needs meticulous skin care. Pillows and a semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position will increase respiratory efficiency. A scrotal support may improve comfort if there is scrotal edema.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Amy S.

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21
Q

*** 7. When providing discharge teaching for the patient after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, what information should the nurse include?

a. A lower-fat diet may be better tolerated for several weeks.
b. Do not return to work or normal activities for 3 weeks.
c. Bile-colored drainage will probably drain from the incision.

A

a. A lower-fat diet may be better tolerated for several weeks.

Although the usual diet can be resumed, a low-fat diet is usually better tolerated for several weeks following surgery. Normal activities can be gradually resumed as the patient tolerates. Bile-colored drainage or pus, redness, swelling, severe pain, and fever may all indicate infection. The bandage may be removed the day after surgery, and the patient can shower.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Amy S.

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22
Q
  1. When caring for a patient with a biliary obstruction, the nurse will anticipate administering which vitamin supplements (select all that apply)?
    Select all that apply.

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
e. Vitamin B

A

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K

Biliary obstruction prevents bile from entering the small intestine and thus prevents the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble and thus would need to be supplemented in a patient with biliary obstruction.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition

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23
Q

*** 9. The patient with a history of lung cancer and hepatitis C has developed liver failure and is considering liver transplantation. After the comprehensive evaluation, the nurse knows that which factor discovered may be a contraindication for liver transplantation?

a. Has completed a college education
b. Has been able to stop smoking cigarettes
c. Has well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus
d. The chest x-ray showed another lung cancer lesion.

A

d. The chest x-ray showed another lung cancer lesion.

Contraindications for liver transplant include severe extrahepatic disease, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma or other cancer, ongoing drug and/or alcohol abuse, and the inability to comprehend or comply with the rigorous post-transplant course.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Adriana B.

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24
Q

*** 10. The patient with suspected pancreatic cancer is having many diagnostic studies done. Which one can be used to establish the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and for monitoring the response to treatment?

a. Spiral CT scan
b. A PET/CT scan
c. Abdominal ultrasound
d. Cancer-associated antigen 19-9

A

d. Cancer-associated antigen 19-9

The cancer-associated antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is the tumor marker used for the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and for monitoring the response to treatment. Although a spiral CT scan may be the initial study done and provides information on metastasis and vascular involvement, this test and the PET/CT scan or abdominal ultrasound do not provide additional information.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Amy S.

25
Q

*** 11. The family of a patient newly diagnosed with hepatitis A asks the nurse what they can do to prevent becoming ill themselves. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?

a. “The hepatitis vaccine will provide immunity from this exposure and future exposures.”
b. “I am afraid there is nothing you can do since the patient was infectious before admission.”
c. “You will need to be tested first to make sure you don’t have the virus before we can treat you.”
d. “An injection of immunoglobulin will need to be given to prevent or minimize the effects from this exposure.”

A

d. “An injection of immunoglobulin will need to be given to prevent or minimize the effects from this exposure.”

Immunoglobulin provides temporary (1-2 months) passive immunity and is effective for preventing hepatitis A if given within 2 weeks after exposure. It may not prevent infection in all persons, but it will at least modify the illness to a subclinical infection. The hepatitis vaccine is only used for preexposure prophylaxis.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Adriana B.

26
Q
  1. When caring for a patient with liver disease, the nurse recognizes the need to prevent bleeding resulting from altered clotting factors and rupture of varices. Which nursing interventions would be appropriate to achieve this outcome?
    Select all that apply.

a. Use smallest gauge needle possible when giving injections or drawing blood.
b. Teach patient to avoid straining at stool, vigorous blowing of nose, and coughing.
c. Advise patient to use soft-bristle toothbrush and avoid ingestion of irritating food.
d. Apply gentle pressure for the shortest possible time period after performing venipuncture.
e. Instruct patient to avoid aspirin and NSAIDs to prevent hemorrhage when varices are present.

A

a. Use smallest gauge needle possible when giving injections or drawing blood.
b. Teach patient to avoid straining at stool, vigorous blowing of nose, and coughing.
c. Advise patient to use soft-bristle toothbrush and avoid ingestion of irritating food.
e. Instruct patient to avoid aspirin and NSAIDs to prevent hemorrhage when varices are present.

Using the smallest gauge needle for injections will minimize the risk of bleeding into the tissues. Avoiding straining, nose blowing, and coughing will reduce the risk of hemorrhage at these sites. The use of a soft-bristle toothbrush and avoidance of irritating food will reduce injury to highly vascular mucous membranes. The nurse should apply gentle but prolonged pressure to venipuncture sites to minimize the risk of bleeding. Aspirin and NSAIDs should not be used in patients with liver disease because they interfere with platelet aggregation, thus increasing the risk for bleeding.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition

27
Q

*** 13. The health care provider orders lactulose for a patient with hepatic encephalopathy. The nurse will monitor for effectiveness of this medication for this patient by assessing what?

a. Relief of constipation
b. Relief of abdominal pain
c. Decreased liver enzymes
d. Decreased ammonia levels

A

d. Decreased ammonia levels

Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of liver disease and is associated with elevated serum ammonia levels. Lactulose traps ammonia in the intestinal tract. Its laxative effect then expels the ammonia from the colon, resulting in decreased serum ammonia levels and correction of hepatic encephalopathy.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Amy S.

28
Q

*** 14. A patient with cholelithiasis needs to have the gallbladder removed. Which patient assessment is a contraindication for a cholecystectomy?

a. Low-grade fever of 100° F and dehydration
b. Abscess in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
c. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 54 seconds
d. Multiple obstructions in the cystic and common bile duct

A

c. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 54 seconds

An aPTT of 54 seconds is above normal and indicates insufficient clotting ability. If the patient had surgery, significant bleeding complications postoperatively are very likely. Fluids can be given to eliminate the dehydration; the abscess can be assessed, and the obstructions in the cystic and common bile duct would be relieved with the cholecystectomy.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Monique T.

29
Q

*** 15. A patient with type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis asks the nurse if it would be okay to take silymarin (milk thistle) to help minimize liver damage. The nurse responds based on what knowledge?

a. Milk thistle may affect liver enzymes and thus alter drug metabolism.
b. Milk thistle is generally safe in recommended doses for up to 10 years.
c. There is unclear scientific evidence for the use of milk thistle in treating cirrhosis.
d. Milk thistle may elevate the serum glucose levels and is thus contraindicated in diabetes.

A

a. Milk thistle may affect liver enzymes and thus alter drug metabolism.

There is good scientific evidence that there is no real benefit from using milk thistle to protect the liver cells from toxic damage in the treatment of cirrhosis. Milk thistle does affect liver enzymes and thus could alter drug metabolism. Therefore patients will need to be monitored for drug interactions. It is noted to be safe for up to 6 years, not 10 years, and it may lower, not elevate, blood glucose levels.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Ashley A.

30
Q

*** 16. The condition of a patient who has cirrhosis of the liver has deteriorated. Which diagnostic study would help determine if the patient has developed liver cancer?

a. Serum α-fetoprotein level
b. Ventilation/perfusion scan
c. Hepatic structure ultrasound
d. Abdominal girth measurement

A

c. Hepatic structure ultrasound

Hepatic structure ultrasound, CT, and MRI are used to screen and diagnose liver cancer. Serum α-fetoprotein level may be elevated with liver cancer or other liver problems. Ventilation/perfusion scans do not diagnose liver cancer. Abdominal girth measurement would not differentiate between cirrhosis and liver cancer.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Monique T.

31
Q

*** 17. A patient who has hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum is being discharged with pain medication after knee surgery. Which medication order should the nurse question because it is most likely to cause hepatic complications?

a. Tramadol (Ultram)
b. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
c. Oxycodone with aspirin (Percodan)
d. Hydrocodone with acetaminophen (Vicodin)

A

d. Hydrocodone with acetaminophen (Vicodin)

The analgesic with acetaminophen should be questioned because this patient is a chronic carrier of hepatitis B and is likely to have impaired liver function. Acetaminophen is not suitable for this patient because it is converted to a toxic metabolite in the liver after absorption, increasing the risk of hepatocellular damage.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Monique T.

32
Q

*** 18. The patient with right upper quadrant abdominal pain has an abdominal ultrasound that reveals cholelithiasis. What should the nurse expect to do for this patient?

a. Prevent all oral intake.
b. Control abdominal pain.
c. Provide enteral feedings.
d. Avoid dietary cholesterol.

A

b. Control abdominal pain.

Patients with cholelithiasis can have severe pain, so controlling pain is important until the problem can be treated. NPO status may be needed if the patient will have surgery but will not be used for all patients with cholelithiasis. Enteral feedings should not be needed, and avoiding dietary cholesterol is not used to treat cholelithiasis.

CHAPTER 44: Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
EVOLVE NCLEX Review Questions - 9th Edition
Monique T.

33
Q
  1. The nurse provides discharge instructions for a 64-yr-old woman with ascites and peripheral edema related to cirrhosis. Which patient statement indicates teaching was effective?
    a. “Lactulose should be taken every day to prevent constipation.”
    b. “It is safe to take acetaminophen up to four times a day for pain.”
    c. “Herbs and other spices should be used to season my foods instead of salt.”
    d. “I will eat foods high in potassium while taking spironolactone (Aldactone).”
A

c. “Herbs and other spices should be used to season my foods instead of salt.”

A low-sodium diet is indicated for patients with ascites and edema related to cirrhosis. Table salt is a well-known source of sodium and should be avoided. Alternatives to salt to season foods include the use of seasonings such as garlic, parsley, onion, lemon juice, and spices. Pain medications such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen should be avoided because these medications may be toxic to the liver. The patient should avoid potentially hepatotoxic over-the-counter drugs (e.g., acetaminophen) because the diseased liver is unable to metabolize these drugs. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic. Lactulose results in the acidification of feces in bowel and trapping of ammonia, causing its elimination in feces.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

34
Q

*** 2. The nurse instructs a 50-yr-old woman about cholestyramine to reduce pruritus caused by gallbladder disease. Which patient statement indicates understanding of the instructions?

a. “This medication will help me digest fats and fat-soluble vitamins.”
b. “I will apply the medicated lotion sparingly to the areas where I itch.”
c. “The medication is a powder and needs to be mixed with milk or juice.”
d. “I should take this medication on an empty stomach at the same time each day.”

A

c. “The medication is a powder and needs to be mixed with milk or juice.”

For treatment of pruritus, cholestyramine may provide relief. This is a resin that binds bile salts in the intestine, increasing their excretion in the feces. Cholestyramine is in powder form and should be mixed with milk or juice before oral administration.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition
Ben J.

35
Q
  1. The nurse is caring for a group of patients. Which patient has the highest risk for developing pancreatic cancer?
    a. A 38-yr-old Hispanic woman who is obese and has hyperinsulinemia
    b. A 72-yr-old African American man who has smoked cigarettes for 50 years
    c. A 23-yr-old man who has cystic fibrosis–related pancreatic enzyme insufficiency
    d. A 19-yr-old patient who has a 5-year history of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus
A

b. A 72-yr-old African American man who has smoked cigarettes for 50 years

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, age, cigarette smoking, family history of pancreatic cancer, high-fat diet, and exposure to chemicals such as benzidine. African Americans have a higher incidence of pancreatic cancer than whites. The most firmly established environmental risk factor is cigarette smoking. Smokers are two or three times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer compared with nonsmokers. The risk is related to duration and number of cigarettes smoked.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

36
Q
  1. When caring for a patient with a biliary obstruction, the nurse will anticipate administering which vitamin supplements?
    Select all that apply.

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
e. Vitamin B

A

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K

Biliary obstruction prevents bile from entering the small intestine and thus prevents the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat soluble and thus would need to be supplemented in a patient with biliary obstruction.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

37
Q
  1. The nurse is caring for a 55-yr-old man patient with acute pancreatitis resulting from gallstones. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect?
    a. Hematochezia
    b. Left upper abdominal pain
    c. Ascites and peripheral edema
    d. Temperature over 102o F (38.9o C)
A

b. Left upper abdominal pain

Abdominal pain (usually in the left upper quadrant) is the predominant manifestation of acute pancreatitis. Other manifestations of acute pancreatitis include nausea and vomiting, low-grade fever, leukocytosis, hypotension, tachycardia, and jaundice. Abdominal tenderness with muscle guarding is common. Bowel sounds may be decreased or absent. Ileus may occur and causes marked abdominal distention. Areas of cyanosis or greenish to yellow-brown discoloration of the abdominal wall may occur. Other areas of ecchymoses are the flanks (Grey Turner’s spots or sign, a bluish flank discoloration) and the periumbilical area (Cullen’s sign, a bluish periumbilical discoloration).

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

38
Q
  1. The patient with cirrhosis is being taught self-care. Which statement indicates the patient needs more teaching?
    a. “If I notice a fast heart rate or irregular beats, this is normal for cirrhosis.”
    b. “I need to take good care of my belly and ankle skin where it is swollen.”
    c. “A scrotal support may be more comfortable when I have scrotal edema.”
    d. “I can use pillows to support my head to help me breathe when I am in bed.”
A

a. “If I notice a fast heart rate or irregular beats, this is normal for cirrhosis.”
If the patient with cirrhosis experiences a fast or irregular heart rate, it may be indicative of hypokalemia and should be reported to the health care provider because this is not normal for cirrhosis. Edematous tissue is subject to breakdown and needs meticulous skin care. Pillows and a semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position increase respiratory efficiency. A scrotal support may improve comfort if there is scrotal edema.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

39
Q
  1. The nurse is caring for a woman recently diagnosed with viral hepatitis A. Which individual should the nurse refer for an immunoglobulin (IG) injection?
    a. A caregiver who lives in the same household with the patient
    b. A friend who delivers meals to the patient and family each week
    c. A relative with a history of hepatitis A who visits the patient daily
    d. A child living in the home who received the hepatitis A vaccine 3 months ago
A

a. A caregiver who lives in the same household with the patient

IG is recommended for persons who do not have anti-HAV antibodies and are exposed as a result of close contact with persons who have HAV or foodborne exposure. Persons who have received a dose of HAV vaccine more than 1 month previously or who have a history of HAV infection do not require IG.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

40
Q
  1. The nurse is aware of potential complications related to cirrhosis. Which interventions would be included in a safe plan of care?
    Select all that apply.

a. Provide a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.
b. Teach the patient to use soft-bristle toothbrush and electric razor.
c. Teach the patient to avoid vigorous blowing of nose and coughing.
d. Apply gentle pressure for the shortest possible time after venipuncture.
e. Use the smallest gauge needle possible when giving injections or drawing blood.
f. Instruct the patient to avoid aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory (NSAIDs).

A

b. Teach the patient to use soft-bristle toothbrush and electric razor.
c. Teach the patient to avoid vigorous blowing of nose and coughing.
e. Use the smallest gauge needle possible when giving injections or drawing blood.
f. Instruct the patient to avoid aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory (NSAIDs).

Using the smallest gauge needle for injections, using a soft bristle toothbrush and an electric razor will minimize the risk of bleeding into the tissues. Avoiding straining, nose blowing, and coughing will reduce the risk of hemorrhage at these sites. The nurse should apply gentle but prolonged pressure to venipuncture sites to minimize the risk of bleeding. Aspirin and NSAIDs should not be used in patients with liver disease because they interfere with platelet aggregation, thus increasing the risk for bleeding. A low-salt, low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet may be recommended.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

41
Q
  1. The patient with suspected pancreatic cancer is having many diagnostic studies done. Which one can be used to establish the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and for monitoring the response to treatment?
    a. Spiral CT scan
    b. A PET/CT scan
    c. Abdominal ultrasound
    d. Cancer-associated antigen 19-9
A

d. Cancer-associated antigen 19-9

The cancer-associated antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is the tumor marker used for the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and monitoring the response to treatment. Although a spiral CT scan may be the initial study done and provides information on metastasis and vascular involvement, this test and the positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan or abdominal ultrasonography does not provide additional information.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

42
Q
  1. A patient with cirrhosis has increased abdominal girth from ascites. Which items identify the pathophysiology related to ascites?
    Select all that apply.

a. Hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea.
b. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate thirst.
c. An enlarged spleen removes blood cells from the circulation.
d. Portal hypertension causes leaking of protein and water into the peritoneal cavity.
e. Aldosterone is released to stabilize intravascular volume by saving salt and water.
f. Inability of the liver to synthesize albumin reducing intravascular oncotic pressure.

A

b. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate thirst.
d. Portal hypertension causes leaking of protein and water into the peritoneal cavity.
e. Aldosterone is released to stabilize intravascular volume by saving salt and water.
f. Inability of the liver to synthesize albumin reducing intravascular oncotic pressure.

Ascites related to cirrhosis is caused by decreased colloid oncotic pressure. The liver does not produce albumin that holds fluid in the vascular space, so fluid shifts into interstitial and third spaces. Portal hypertension causes back pressure in the vessels, shifting protein and fluids into the peritoneal cavity. Decreased intravascular volume stimulates the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium and fluid retention. Oral intake of fluids and removal of blood cells by the spleen do not directly contribute to ascites.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

43
Q
  1. The health care provider orders lactulose for a patient with hepatic encephalopathy. Which finding indicates the medication has been effective?
    a. Relief of constipation
    b. Relief of abdominal pain
    c. Decreased liver enzymes
    d. Decreased ammonia levels
A

d. Decreased ammonia levels

Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of liver disease and is associated with elevated serum ammonia levels. Lactulose traps ammonia in the intestinal tract. Its laxative effect then expels the ammonia from the colon, resulting in decreased serum ammonia levels and correction of hepatic encephalopathy. An additional finding may be an improvement in level of consciousness.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

44
Q
  1. When planning care for a patient with cirrhosis, the nurse will give highest priority to which nursing diagnosis?
    a. Impaired skin integrity related to edema, ascites, and pruritus
    b. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia
    c. Excess fluid volume related to portal hypertension and hyperaldosteronism
    d. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pressure on diaphragm and reduced lung volume
A

d. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pressure on diaphragm and reduced lung volume

Although all of these nursing diagnoses are appropriate and important in the care of a patient with cirrhosis, airway and breathing are always the highest priorities.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

45
Q
  1. A patient with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) present in the serum is being discharged with pain medication after knee surgery. Which medication order should the nurse question?
    a. Tramadol
    b. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
    c. Oxycodone with aspirin (Percodan)
    d. Hydrocodone with acetaminophen
A

d. Hydrocodone with acetaminophen

The analgesic with acetaminophen should be questioned because this patient is a chronic carrier of hepatitis B and is likely to have impaired liver function. Acetaminophen is not suitable for this patient because it is converted to a toxic metabolite in the liver after absorption, increasing the risk of hepatocellular damage.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

46
Q
  1. A 54-yr-old patient admitted with diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, osteomyelitis, and alcohol abuse has a serum amylase level of 280 U/L and a serum lipase level of 310 U/L. Which diagnosis does the nurse expect?
    a. Starvation
    b. Pancreatitis
    c. Systemic sepsis
    d. Diabetic ketoacidosis
A

b. Pancreatitis

The patient with alcohol abuse could develop pancreatitis as a complication, which would increase the serum amylase (normal, 30-122 U/L) and serum lipase (normal, 31-186 U/L) levels as shown.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

47
Q
  1. A patient with type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis asks the nurse if it would be acceptable to take silymarin (milk thistle) to help minimize liver damage. The nurse responds based on what knowledge?
    a. Milk thistle may affect liver enzymes and thus alter drug metabolism.
    b. Milk thistle is generally safe in recommended doses for up to 10 years.
    c. There is unclear scientific evidence for the use of milk thistle in treating cirrhosis.
    d. Milk thistle may elevate the serum glucose levels and is thus contraindicated in diabetes.
A

a. Milk thistle may affect liver enzymes and thus alter drug metabolism.

Scientific evidence indicates there is no real benefit from milk thistle to protect liver cells from toxic damage in the treatment of cirrhosis. Milk thistle does affect liver enzymes and thus could alter drug metabolism. Therefore, patients will need to be monitored for drug interactions. It is noted to be safe for up to 6 years, not 10 years, and it may lower, not elevate, blood glucose levels.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

48
Q
  1. A patient with a history of lung cancer and hepatitis C has developed liver failure and is considering liver transplantation. After a comprehensive evaluation, which finding may be a contraindication for liver transplantation?
    a. History of hypothyroidism
    b. Stopped smoking cigarettes
    c. Well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus
    d. Chest x-ray showed another lung cancer lesion.
A

d. Chest x-ray showed another lung cancer lesion.

Contraindications for liver transplant include severe extrahepatic disease, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma or other cancer, ongoing drug or alcohol abuse, and the inability to comprehend or comply with the rigorous posttransplant course.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

49
Q
  1. A patient with sudden pain in the left upper quadrant radiating to the back and vomiting was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Which intervention should the nurse include in the patient’s plan of care?
    a. Immediately start enteral feeding to prevent malnutrition.
    b. Insert an NG and maintain NPO status to allow pancreas to rest.
    c. Initiate early prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent infection.
    d. Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) every 4 hours for pain relief.
A

c. Insert an NG and maintain NPO status to allow pancreas to rest.

Initial treatment with acute pancreatitis will include an NG tube if there is vomiting and being NPO to decrease pancreatic enzyme stimulation and allow the pancreas to rest and heal. Fluid will be administered to treat or prevent shock. The pain will be treated with IV morphine because of the NPO status. Enteral feedings will only be used for the patient with severe acute pancreatitis in whom oral intake is not resumed. Antibiotic therapy is only needed with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and signs of infection.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

50
Q
  1. The condition of a patient who has cirrhosis of the liver has deteriorated. Which diagnostic study would help determine if the patient has developed liver cancer?
    a. Serum α-fetoprotein level
    b. Ventilation/perfusion scan
    c. Hepatic structure ultrasound
    d. Abdominal girth measurement
A

c. Hepatic structure ultrasound

Hepatic structure ultrasonography, CT scan, and MRI are used to screen for and diagnose liver cancer. Serum α-fetoprotein level may be elevated with liver cancer or other liver problems. Ventilation/perfusion scans are used to diagnose pulmonary emboli. Abdominal girth measurement would not differentiate between cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

51
Q
  1. When teaching the patient with acute hepatitis C (HCV), which statement demonstrates understanding of the disease process?
    a. “I will use care when kissing my wife to prevent giving it to her.”
    b. “I will need to take adefovir (Hepsera) to prevent chronic HCV.”
    c. “Now that I have had HCV, I will have immunity and not get it again.”
    d. “I will need to be monitored for chronic HCV and other liver problems.”
A

d. “I will need to be monitored for chronic HCV and other liver problems.”

The majority of patients who acquire HCV usually develop chronic infection, which may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. HCV is not transmitted via saliva but by blood exposures such as sharing needles and high-risk sexual activity. The treatment for acute viral hepatitis focuses on resting the body and adequate nutrition for liver regeneration. Adefovir (Hepsera) is taken for severe hepatitis B (HBV) with liver failure. Chronic HCV is treated with pegylated interferon with ribavirin. Immunity with HCV does not occur as it does with HAV and HBV, so the patient may be reinfected with another type of HCV.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

52
Q
  1. The family of a patient newly diagnosed with hepatitis A asks the nurse what they can do to prevent becoming ill. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
    a. “You will need to be tested first; then treatment can be determined.”
    b. “The hepatitis vaccine will provide immunity from this and future exposures.”
    c. “There is nothing you can do since the patient was infectious before admission.”
    d. “An immunoglobulin injection will be given to prevent infection or limit symptoms.”
A

d. “An immunoglobulin injection will be given to prevent infection or limit symptoms.”

Immunoglobulin provides temporary (1-2 months) passive immunity and is effective for preventing hepatitis A if given within 2 weeks after exposure. It may not prevent infection in all persons, but it will at least modify the illness to a subclinical infection. The hepatitis vaccine is only used for preexposure prophylaxis.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

53
Q
  1. The patient with right upper quadrant abdominal pain has an abdominal ultrasound that reveals cholelithiasis. What is the nurse’s priority?
    a. Prevent all oral intake.
    b. Control abdominal pain.
    c. Provide enteral feedings.
    d. Avoid dietary cholesterol.
A

b. Control abdominal pain.

Patients with cholelithiasis can have severe pain, so controlling pain is important until the problem can be treated. NPO status may be needed if the patient will have surgery but will not be used for all patients with cholelithiasis. Patients with pancreatitis may be NPO. Enteral feedings should not be needed, and avoiding dietary cholesterol is not used to treat cholelithiasis.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

54
Q
  1. A patient with cholelithiasis is being prepared for surgery. Which patient assessment represents a contraindication for a cholecystectomy?
    a. Low-grade fever of 100°F and dehydration
    b. Abscess in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
    c. Multiple obstructions in the cystic and common bile duct
    d. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 54 seconds
A

d. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 54 seconds

An aPTT of 54 seconds is above normal and indicates insufficient clotting ability. If the patient had surgery, significant bleeding complications postoperatively are very likely. Fluids can be given to eliminate the dehydration. The abscess can be assessed during surgery, and the obstructions in the cystic and common bile duct would be relieved with the cholecystectomy.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

55
Q
  1. When providing discharge teaching for a patient after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, what information should the nurse include?
    a. Do not return to work or normal activities for 3 weeks.
    b. A lower-fat diet may be better tolerated for several weeks.
    c. Bile-colored drainage will probably drain from the incision.
    d. Keep the bandages on and the puncture site dry until it heals.
A

b. A lower-fat diet may be better tolerated for several weeks.

Although the usual diet can be resumed, a low-fat diet is usually better tolerated for several weeks after surgery. Normal activities can be gradually resumed as the patient tolerates. Bile-colored drainage or pus, redness, swelling, severe pain, and fever may all indicate infection. The bandage may be removed the day after surgery, and the patient can shower.

Chapter 43 Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems
Evolve Review Questions - 10th Edition

56
Q
  1. The surgical treatment of choice for the patient with symptomatic gallbladder disease is a
    a. cholecystotomy.
    b. choledocholithotomy.
    c. cholecystoduodenostomy.
    d. laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
A

d. laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. The procedure is minimally invasive (puncture sites only), and the patient experiences minimal postoperative pain and is discharged on the day of surgery or on the day after. Most patients are able to resume normal activities and return to work within 1 week.

Asbury’s PowerPoint Questions

57
Q
  1. Postoperatively, a patient with an incisional cholecystectomy has a nursing diagnosis of ineffective breathing pattern related to splinted respirations secondary to a high abdominal incision. Which action should the nurse take first?
    a. Assess heart and lung sounds.
    b. Administer the prescribed analgesic.
    c. Position the patient on the operative side.
    d. Instruct the patient to cough and deep breathe.
A

b. Administer the prescribed analgesic.

Postoperative nursing care for incisional cholecystectomy focuses on adequate ventilation and prevention of respiratory complications. The patient will need adequate pain control for optimum coughing and deep breathing to prevent postoperative atelectasis.

Asbury’s PowerPoint Questions

58
Q

A patient with advanced cirrhosis who has ascites is short of breath and has an increased respiratory rate. The nurse should

a. Initiate oxygen therapy at 2 L/min to increase gas exchange.
b. Notify the health care provider so that a paracentesis can be performed.
c. Ask the patient to cough and breathe deeply to clear respiratory secretions.
d. Place the patient in Fowler’s position to relieve pressure on the diaphragm.

A

d. Place the patient in Fowler’s position to relieve pressure on the diaphragm.

Dyspnea is a frequent problem for the patient with ascites, and a semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position allows for maximal respiratory efficiency. Oxygen administration is not indicated; SpO2 level less than 90% would be an indication for oxygen. The respiratory distress is caused by ascites (not by respiratory secretions); coughing and deep breathing will not alleviate the respiratory distress. A paracentesis may be performed to remove ascitic fluid; however, this procedure provides only temporary relief and is reserved for severe respiratory distress or abdominal pain.

Asbury’s PowerPoint Questions

59
Q
  1. A year old man with cirrhosis is brought in to the clinic by his wife after he had several days of staying up all night and sleeping all day, along with intermittent periods of “not making sense.” He has asterixis on exam. What should be done for this patient?
    a. Start lactulose and titrate for 3 loose stools daily
    b. Restrict the protein in his diet
    c. Initiate metronidazole
    d. Start furosemide
A

a. Start lactulose and titrate for 3 loose stools daily

Asbury’s PowerPoint Questions