Chapter 44 Mobility Flashcards
Extension
Increasing the angle of the joint (straightening arm)
Flexion
Decreasing angle of joint (bending elbow)
Hyperextension
Further extension of joint (bending head back)
Abduction
Movement of bone away from the midline of body
Adduction
Movement of bone towards the midline of the body
Rotation
Movement of bone around its central axis
Circumduction
Movement of the distal part of the bone in a circle while the proximal end remains fixed
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward by moving the ankle joint
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward by moving the ankle joint
Pronation
Palm faces down
Supination
Palm faces up
Proper body alignment
Shoulders and hips are level
Toes point forward
Spine is straight and not curved
Center of gravity is close to its base of support
Body mechanics
Coordinated body movements
Smooth, balanced purposeful
Pulling vs pushing and using helpful tools
Cardiovascular system
⬆️ Cardiac workload
⬆️ Pulse rate
⬆️Orthostatic hypotension
⬆️Venous thrombosis/Deep Venous Thrombosis
⬆️ Increased Valsalva Maneuver (holding breath when moving up or using bed pan) - builds pressure on large veins in thorax then when air is released a surge of blood goes to heart
Respiratory system
⬇️ Ventilation effort ⬆️ respiratory secretions ⬆️Hypostatic pneumonia from laying flat ⬇️ depth and rate of respiration ⬆️Atelectasis - collapsed lung or lobe
Musculoskeletal system
⬇️ muscle size, tone, strength
⬇️ joint mobility and flexibility
⬆️Contractures muscles freeze or shorten
⬆️Foot drop -joint deformities
⬆️Disuse atrophy
⬆️Bone demineralization leads to disuse osteoporosis
Limited endurance
Metabolic system
⬇️ metabolic rate due to less calories
Altered metabolism of carbs, fats, proteins
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
GI disturbances
Gastrointestinal system
Changes in appetite Changes in protein metabolism Poor digestion Poor utilization of food Constipation Negative nitrogen balance and calcium balance
Urinary system
⬆️ risk of UTI
⬆️ renal calculi
⬇️ bladder tone
Hypercalcemia
Urinary retention - accumulation of urine
Urinary statsis - stoppage or slowdown of urine
Integumentary system
⬆️ risk of pressure ulcers
Pyschoneurologic outlook
⬇️ self concepts and body image
Can lead to fee listing or worthlessness, isolation, issues with coping
Interference with sleep wake cycle
Needs for restraints
- To avoid and/or prevent purposeful or accidental harm to the client.
- To do what is required to provide medically necessary treatment that could not be provided through any other means.
- Prevent from harming others.
Dangers for restraints
Suffocation Impaired circulation Altered skin integrity Pressure ulcers Depressed muscle and bone mass Fractures Altered nutrition and hydration Aspiration Incontinence Pneumonia
Client mobility needs to nursing process
Assessment: general ease of movement, gait and posture, alignment, joint structure and function, muscle mass tone and strength, endurance
