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Biology 2312 Test 1 > Chapter 43- The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 43- The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Detect stimulus

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2
Q

Motor effectors

A

Responds to stimulus

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3
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A

They carry impulses to the central nervous system

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4
Q

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

They carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors (muscles and glands)

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5
Q

Interneurons (association neurons)

A

They provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory)

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6
Q

What supports the neurons both structurally and functionally?

A

The Neuroglia

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7
Q

What produce myelin sheaths surrounding the axons?

A

Schwann Cells and oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

What is bundled in the peripheral nervous system to form nerves?

A

Myelinated axons

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9
Q

What form white matter in the central nervous system?

A

Myelinated axons

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10
Q

Membrane potential

A

A voltage across the cell’s plasma membrane

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11
Q

What is the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals?

A

The resting potential

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12
Q

What ion concentration is the highest inside the cell?

A

K+

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13
Q

What ion concentration is the highest outside the cell?

A

Na+

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14
Q

How are these K+ and Na+ gradients maintained?

A

The sodium-potassium pumps use the energy of ATP to maintain them

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15
Q

Where is chemical potential converted to electrical potential?

A

In the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane

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16
Q

In a resting neuron, the currents of K+ and Na+ are what?

A

Equal and opposite

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17
Q

Graded potentials

A

Small continuous changes to the membrane potential

Selective

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18
Q

Action potential

A

A massive change in membrane voltage
With depolarization, it brings a neuron closer to the threshold
Hyperpolarization does the opposite

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19
Q

Why do action potential arise?

A

It is due to voltage-gated channels opening or closing

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20
Q

Why do changes in membrane potential occur?

A

It is due to neurons contain gated ion channels that open and close in response to stimuli

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21
Q

Voltage-gated channels lead to what?

A

They lead to action potentials

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22
Q

Ligand-gated channels lead to what?

A

They lead to graded potentials

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23
Q

Ligand gated channel

A

They are hormones or neurotransmitters

Induce opening and cause changes in cell membrane permeability

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24
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

An increase in magnitude of the membrane potential

Makes the membrane more positive

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25
Q

Depolarization

A

A reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential

Makes the membrane more negative

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26
Q

The diffusion of K+ out, making the inside of the cell more negative is an example of what?

A

Hyperpolarization

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27
Q

Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses into the cell is an example of what?

A

Depolarization

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28
Q

Integration of EPSPs (depolarization) and ISPSs (hyperpolarization) occurs on what?

A

Neuronal cell body

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29
Q

What are the two ways that the membrane can reach the threshold voltage?

A

Spatial and temporal summmation

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30
Q

Spatial summation

A

Many different dendrites produce EPSPs

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31
Q

Temporal summation

A

One dendrite produces repeated EPSPs

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32
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

It is a result of a temporary inactivation of the Na+ channels and a second action potential cannot be initiated

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33
Q

Negative pole is located where?

A

Cytoplasmic side

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34
Q

Positive pole is located where?

A

Extracellular fluid side

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35
Q

What does a sodium-potassium pump do?

A

It brings two K+ into cell for every three Na+ it pumps out

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36
Q

What does ion leakage channels do?

A

They allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

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37
Q

What are the two major forces that act on ions in establishing the resting membrane potential?

A

Electrical potential and concentration gradient

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38
Q

Electrical potential is produced by what?

A

It is produced by unequal distribution of charges

39
Q

Concentration gradient is produced by what?

A

It is produced by unequal concentrations of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other.

40
Q

Which concentration is higher? The K+ or Na+?

A

K+

41
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Balance between diffusional force and electrical force

42
Q

What is summation?

A

The ability of graded potentials to combine

43
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ Channels

A

Activation and inactivation gate
At rest, activation gate closed, and inactivation gate open
Transient influx of Na+ causes the membrane to depolarize

44
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels

A

Single activation gate that is closed in the resting state
K+ channel opens slowly
Efflux of K+ repolarizes the membrane

45
Q

What are the three phases of action potential?

A

Rising, falling, and undershoot

46
Q

Action potentials are always ___________

A

“separate, all-or-none events with the same amplitude.”

47
Q

In the rising phase of the action potential, what does it reflect?

A

Each reflects a reversal in membrane polarity.

48
Q

What causes the positive charge to depolarize the adjacent region of the threshold?

A

Na+

49
Q

What are the two ways to increase velocity of conduction?

A

The axon has to have a large diameter or it has to be myelinated

50
Q

How does the Axon having a large diameter increase the velocity of conduction?

A

There would be less resistance to the current flow

51
Q

How does the Axon being myelinated help increase the velocity of conduction?

A

It causes the impulse jumps from node to node and it is a saltatory conduction

52
Q

Synapses

A

“Intercellular junctions with the dendrites of other neurons, with muscle cells, or with gland cells”

53
Q

What cell transmits the action potential and what cell receives it?

A

Presynaptic cell transmits while postsynaptic cell receives it.

54
Q

Electrical synapses

A

They involve direct cytoplasmic connections between the two cells formed by gap junctions.

55
Q

Chemical synapses

A

The have a synaptic cleft between the two cells

End of the presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters

56
Q

What does the chemical synapse’s action potential trigger?

A

It triggers an influx of Ca2+

57
Q

What are the steps to chemical synapses?

A

The synaptic vesicles fuse with cell membrane
Neurotransmitterr is released by exocytosis
Diffuses to other side of cleft and binds to chemcial- or ligand-gated receptor proteins
Produces graded potentials in the postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitterr action is terminated by enzymatic cleavage or cellular uptake

58
Q

What are the function(s) of Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

It binds to the receptor in the postsynaptic membrane
It causes ligand-gated ion channels to open
It produces a depolarization called an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
It stimulates muscle contraction

59
Q

What is gluttamate?

A

It is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS (Central nervous system)

60
Q

Name the inhibitory transmitters and define what they do

A

Glycine and GABA (y-aminobutyric acid)

They open ligand-gated channels for Cl- and produce a hyperpolarization called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential

61
Q

Which biogenic amines are responsible for the “fight or flight” response?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

62
Q

Which biogenic amine is used in some areas of the brain that control body movements?

A

Dopamine

63
Q

Which biogenic amine is involved in the regulation of sleep?

A

Serotonin

64
Q

What is released from sensory neurons when activated by a painful stimuli?

A

Substance P

65
Q

What perceives the intensity of pain?

A

Enkephalins and endorphins

66
Q

What gas causes smooth muscle relaxation?

A

Nitric oxide

67
Q

Habituation

A

Prolonged exposure to a stimulus may cause cells to lose the ability to respond to it

68
Q

What does Cocaine affect?

A

Affects neurons in the brain’s “pleasure pathways” (limbic system)
Binds dopamine transporters and prevents the reuptake of dopamine

69
Q

What does Nicotine affect?

A

Bind directly to a specific receptor on postsynaptic neurons of the brain
Binds to a receptor for acetylcholine

70
Q

What major phylum does not have nerves?

A

Sponges

71
Q

What are the three basic divisions for all vertebrate brains?

A

Hindbrain or rhombencephalon
Midbrain or mesencephalon
Forebrain or prosencephalon

72
Q

What are the two elements of the forebrain?

A

The diencephalon and the telecephalon

73
Q

What is the purpose of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus - integration and relay center

Hypothalamus - participates in basic drives and emotions, controls pituitary gland

74
Q

What does the telencephalon do?

A

It is devoted largely to associative activity

Called the cerebrum

75
Q

What is the right and left cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

They are connected by a tract called the corpus callosum

76
Q

What are the hemispheres divided into?

A

The frontal, the parietal, the temporal, and the occipital lobes

77
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum

Highly convoluted surface

78
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

Movement

79
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex control?

A

Sensory

80
Q

What does the association cortex control?

A

Higher mental functions

81
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Aggregates of neuron cell bodies

Participate in the control of body movement

82
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotional response

83
Q

Reticular-activating system

A

Controls consciousness and alertness

84
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Records electrical activity

85
Q

What are the two proposed causes to Alzheimer disease?

A

Nerve cells are killed from the outside in

Nerve cells are killed from the inside out

86
Q

Inner zone of the spinal cord

A

Gray matter

Consists of the cell bodies of interneurons, motor neurons, and neuroglia

87
Q

Outer zone of the spinal cord

A

White matter

Contains cables of sensory axons in the dorsal columns and motor axons in the ventral columns

88
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Stimulate the skeletal muscles to contract

89
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

Composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, plus the medulla oblongata
Has 2 neurons: Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

90
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Exits the CNS and synapses at an autonomic ganglion

91
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Exits the ganglion and regulates visceral effectors

92
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Most axons synapse in two parallel chains of ganglia right outside the spinal cord

93
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral regions of spinal cord
Axons terminate in ganglia near or even within internal organs

Biology 2312 Test 1 (2 decks)

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