Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2312 Test 1 > Chapter 42- The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 42- The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the biological form of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the biological functions an organism performs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Order from simplest to complex

A

Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organ Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many vertebrates do humans have?

A

210

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells that are similar in structure and function
3 embryonic tissues called germ layers
-Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
In adult
-Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Organs

A

Combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organ Systems

A

Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
11 principal organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The general body plan?

A

“Tube within a tube”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inner Tube

A

Digestive Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outer Tube

A

Main vertebrate body

-Supported by a skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outermost layer

A

Skin and its accessories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Characteristics of vertebrates

A 
Bilateral symmetry
Jointed endoskeleton
Dorsal nervous system
Modified gut
Cephalized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 main body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dorsal

A

Forms within skull and vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ventral

A

Bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column

Divided by the diaphragm into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cavity is around the heart?

A

Pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cavity is around the lungs?

A

Pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Most organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Coelomic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers every surface of the vertebrate body
Can come from any of the 3 germ layers
Tightly bound together - provide a protective barrier
Good regenerative powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basal Surface

A

Secured side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Apical Surface

A

Free side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two general classes of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple and stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simple

A

One layer thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stratified

A

Several layer thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the subdivisions for the two classes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Squamous

A

Flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cuboidal

A

About as wide as tall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than they are wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Simple squamous epthelium

A

Lines lungs and blood capillaries

Delicate nature permits diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Lines kidney tubules and several glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Lines airways of respiratory tract and most of the gastrointestinal tract
Contains goblet cells - secrete mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

Glands of vertebrates form from invaginated epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Conected to epithelium by a duct

Sweat, sebaceous, and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless - lost duct during development

Secretions (hormones) enter blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

Named according to the features of their apical cell layers

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Derive from embryonic mesoderm

All have abundant extracellular material called the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the two major classes of connective tissues?

A

Connective tissue proper and special connective tissue

40
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose or dense

Fibroblasts produce and secrete extracellular matrix

41
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Cells scattered within a matrix that contains a large amount of ground substance

42
Q

What strengthens the loose connective tissue?

A

Collagen, elastin, and reticulin

43
Q

Collagen

A

Supports tissue

44
Q

Elastin

A

Makes tissue elastic

45
Q

Reticulin

A

Helps support the network of collagen

46
Q

Adipose cells

A

They are fat cells that develop in large groups in certain areas, forming adipose tissue

47
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Contains less ground substance than loose connective tissue

Can be categorized as regular or irregular

48
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers line up in parallel

Makes up tendons and ligaments

49
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers have different orientations

Covers kidney, muscles, nerves, and bone

50
Q

What are the three special connective tissue?

A

Blood, cartilage, and bone

51
Q

Cartilage

A

Made from chondroitin (characteristic glycoprotein) and collagen fibers
Firm and flexible tissue that does not stretch
Found in joint surfaces and other locations

52
Q

Bone

A

Osteocytes (bone cells remain alive in a matrix hardened with calcium phosphate
Communicate through canaliculi

53
Q

Blood

A

Extracellular material is the fluid plasma

54
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood cells

55
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

56
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

57
Q

What are the three muscle tissues?

A

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

58
Q

Skeletal

A 
Straited
Voluntary
Usually attached to bone by tendons
Muscle fibers (cells) are multinucleated
Contract by means of myofibrils, which contain ordered actin and myosin filaments
59
Q

Smooth

A

Unstraited
Unvoluntary
Found in walls of blood vessels and visceral organs
Contain a single nucleus

60
Q

Cardiac

A

Straited
Unvoluntary
Composed of smaller, interconnected cells
Each with a single nucleus
Interconnections appear as dark lines called intercalated disks
Gap junctions link adjacent cells
-Enable cardiac muscle cells to form a single functioning unit

61
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Cells include neurons and their supporting cells (neuroglia)

Consist of three parts

62
Q

What are the three parts to the neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axon

63
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus

64
Q

Dendrites

A

Highly branched extensions

Conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body

65
Q

Axon

A

Single cytoplasmic extension

Conducts impulses away from cell body

66
Q

Neuroglia

A

Do not conduct electrical impulses
Support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons
Associate with axon to form an insulating cover called the myelin sheath

67
Q

Gaps

A

(Nodes of Ranvier) are involved in acceleration of impulses

68
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

It is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

69
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

Integration and interpretation of input

70
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves and ganglia (collection of cell bodies)

Communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body

71
Q

What organ system(s) detect external stiumli and coordinate the body’s responses?

A

Nervous, sensory, and endocrine systems

72
Q

What organ system(s) provide support and movement?

A

Muscular and skeletal

73
Q

What organ system(s) regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry?

A

Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems.

74
Q

What organ system(s) provides defense?

A

Integumentary and immune systems

75
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic constancy of the internal environment

76
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms

A

Changing conditions are detected by sensors
Information is fed to an integrating center, also called comparator
Compares conditions to a set point
If conditions deviate too far from a set point, biochemical reactions are initiated to change conditions back toward the set point

77
Q

What is part of the comparator?

A

Brain, spinal cord, or endocrine gland

78
Q

What do humans have set points for?

A

Body temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion) concentration, tendon tension, etc.

79
Q

Effectors

A

(Muscles or glands) change the value of the condition in question back toward the set point value

80
Q

What controls many internal factors?

A

Antagonistic effectors

81
Q

Antagonistic effectors are involved in controlling what?

A

Body temperature

82
Q

What happens if the hypothalamus detects high temperature?

A

Promotes heat dissipation via sweating and dilation of blood vessels in skin

83
Q

What happens if the hypothalamus detects low temperature?

A

Promotes heat conservation via shivering and constriction of blood vessels in skin

84
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms

A

Enhance a change - not common

These do not in themselves maintain homeostasis

85
Q

What is a measure of temperature sensitivity?

A

Q10

86
Q

What is the formula for Q10?

A

Q10=R(T+10)/RT

87
Q

What determines temperature?

A

Body heat, metabolism, and the environment

88
Q

What is the formula for body heat?

A

Body Heat = Heat produced + Heat transferred

89
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation

90
Q

Conduction

A

The direct transfer of heat between two objects. Energy is transferred from hotter objects to colder ones.

91
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of heat brought about by the movement of a gas or liquid.

92
Q

Evaporation

A

Heat of vaporization or the amount of energy needed to change them from a liquid to a gas phase.

93
Q

What are the influencing factors for temperature?

A

Surface area
Temperature difference
Specific heat conduction

94
Q

How do ectotherms regulate temperature?

A

Low metabolic rates

Regulate via behavior

95
Q

How do endotherms regulate temperature?

A 
They create metabolic heat
Conservation or dissipation
Heat transfer is controlled by amount of blood flow to the surface of the animal
-Countercurrent exchange
Allows sustained high-energy activity
96
Q

What are some examples of stimulation of heat-losing center?

A

Peripheral blood vessel dilation

Sweating

97
Q

What are some examples of stimulation of heat-promoting center?

A

Thermogenesis
Constriction of blood peripheral blood vessels
Epinephrine production by adrenal glands
Anterior pituitary produces TSH

Biology 2312 Test 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions