Chapter 42 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards
What is prediabetes?
Impaired fasting plasma glucose and impaired glucose tolerance
What is diabetes?
a disorder of carb, protein and fat metabolism
What does diabetes involve?
an absolute insulin deficiency, impaired release of insulin, inadequate or defective insulin receptors, cells that should be responding to insulin aren’t
What organ stores glucose as glycogen
the liver and muscle cells
What is type 1 diabetes?
the pancreas doesn’t work and there is an absolute insulin deficiency. Loss of beta cell function
What is type 2 diabetes?
Impaired ability of the tissues to use insulin, lack of insulin, or impaired release of insulin
What is gestational diabetes?
elevated levels of glucose in the blood during pregnancy
What is Type 1A Diabetes?
you have a genetic predisposition to type 1 diabetes, can be triggered by an environmental agent. Autoimmune mediated beta cell destruction
What is type 1B diabetes?
it is idiopathic but believed to be strongly inherited
What is beta cell exhaustion and how does it happen?
Happens with hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. The cells aren’t taking up glucose so the beta cells keep producing insulin to combat it and then eventually they get exhausted from making too much
What is hyperglycemia?
high levels of glucose in the blood
What is hypoglycemia?
low levels of glucose in the blood
What is metabolic syndrome?
a cluster or biochemical and physiological abnormalities associated with development of type 2 diabetes
What does metabolic syndrome include?
high levels of plasma triglycerides, low levels of cholesterol, hypertension, systematic inflammation, abnormal fibrinolysis, abnormal function of the vascular endothelium, macrovascular disease
What is abnormal fibrinolysis and what is it associated with?
abnormal blood clotting - associated with metabolic syndrome
What percentage of those with type 2 diabetes are overweight?
80-90%
how does obesity lead to type 2 diabetes?
Leads to increased resistance to action of insulin, impaired suppression of glucose production by the liver
What are the 3 polys of diabetes and what do they mean?
- Polyuria: excessive urination
- Polydipsia: excessive thirst
- Polyphagia: excessive hunger
What does DKA stand for?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Which type of diabetes is DKA associated with?
Type 1
What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
develops when the body cant produce enough insulin, the body breaks down fats as fuel causing a buildup of acids in the bloodstream (ketones) can cause hyperglycemia, ketosis, metabolic acidosis. Results in polyuria, polydipsia, nausea, vomiting, alteration in cognition and potentially a coma (due to a shift in pH)
What is one give away a patient may have DKA?
fruity smell to the breath
What is the treatment for DKA?
insulin and electrolytes via an IV
Which type of diabetes is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state associated with?
type 2
