Chapter 42: Circulatory System Flashcards
What are the different strategies animals use to move nutrients, gasses, waste, etc. through their bodies?
Animals use various strategies including diffusion and specialized transport systems like open and closed cirulatory systems
What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
An open circulatory system has no vessels; hemolymph bathes organs directly. A closed circulatory system has blood confined within vessels.
Differentiate between interstitial fluid, hemolymph, and blood.
Interstitial fluid is the fluid surrounding cells, hemolymph is a fluid in open circulatory systems, and blood is the fluid in closed circulatory systems.
List the basic components of blood and their functions.
- Red blood cells: transport oxygen
- White blood cells: immune response
- Platelets: blood clotting
- Plasma: carries nutrients and waste
What is the mammalian heart’s cardiac cycle?
The cardiac cycle includes systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), affecting cardiac output and heart rate.
(a) cardiac diastole, the heart muscle is relaxed and blood flows into the heart. During (b) atrial systole, the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. During (c) atrial diastole, the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart.
Refer to Photo in notes
Describe how blood flows through the mammalian heart and body.
Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, carrying low oxygen, then moves to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery; after oxygenation in the lungs, blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium, then moves to the left ventricle which pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body via the aorta.
What is the electrical conduction system of the heart?
The electrical conduction system includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, regulating heartbeats.
Explain the structures of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries have thick walls for high pressure; veins have thinner walls and valves; capillaries are thin-walled for exchange.
How is blood pressure regulated?
Systolic pressure: When the pressure is the highest in the arteries
Distolic pressure: when the pressure is at it’s lowest
Pulse: rythmic bulging of artery wall within each heartbeat.
Capilaries can turn on and off to focus on necesarry parts of the body
List and describe diseases of the heart and head.
Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque depotits within arteries.
Heart attack or myocardial infarction: Death of Cardic tissue by blockage of cononary arteries.
Agina pectoris: Caused by partial blockage of conarary arteries resulting in chest pain
Hypertension: High blood pressure contributes to increase likelyhood of heart attack and strokes.
Stroke: death of nervous tissue in the brain, from blockage or rupture of arteries in the head.
