Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal form and Function

Question 1

What are the factors that limit animal body size and shape?

Answer 1

Factors include:
* Gravity
* Metabolic rates
* Surface area-to-volume ratio
* Environmental constraints
* Resource availability

These factors influence how animals grow, develop, and adapt to their habitats.

Question 2

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues of simple tissue?

Answer 2

Cover the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavites within the body
Epithelial tissues include:
Simple vs. Stratified
Single vs. layers
* Squamous- single layer
* Cuboidal- shaped like a cube
* Columnar- in columns

Epithelial tissues serve functions such as protection, secretion, and absorption.

Question 3

What are the types of connective tissues?

Answer 3

Connective tissues include:
* Loose
* Fibrous
* Cartilage
* Bone
* Adipose
* Blood

These tissues support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.

Question 4

What are the types of muscle tissues?

Answer 4

Muscle tissues include:
* Smooth
* Skeletal
* Cardiac

Each type has distinct functions, with smooth muscle being involuntary, skeletal muscle being voluntary, and cardiac muscle being specialized for the heart and involuntary
.

Question 5

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 5

Nervous tissue is responsible for:
* Transmitting signals
* Processing information
* Coordinating responses

It consists of neurons and glial cells.

Question 6

What is the difference between regulators and conformers?

Answer 6

Regulators maintain internal conditions despite external changes, while conformers adjust their internal conditions to match external changes.

This distinction affects how different species adapt to their environments.

Question 7

Define homeostasis.

Answer 7

Homeostasis is the process by which biological systems maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

This includes regulation of temperature, pH, and other vital parameters.

Question 8

What are the mechanisms of thermoregulation in endothermic animals and exothermic?

Answer 8

• Mechanisms include:
• Adjusting metabolic heat production- Thermogenesis. Ex. Shivering or moving
• Insulation- Reduces heat between animals body and environment. Ex. Skin & feathers
  * Behavioral responses- Individual responses & social responses. Ex. Change orientation to minimize heat &Penguins
• Cooling by evaporate heat loss- Sweat, panting, bathing cools down animal
• Circulatory adjustments- Vasodillation and vasocontriction of blood flow. Countercurrent exchange

Endothermic animals can regulate their body temperature internally.

Question 9

What are the mechanisms of thermoregulation in ectothermic animals?

Answer 9

Mechanisms include:
* Behavioral thermoregulation
* Use of environmental heat sources
* Changes in body position

Ectothermic animals rely on external environmental conditions to regulate their body temperature.

Question 10

Describe the positive feedback mechanism in homeostasis.

Answer 10

Positive feedback amplifies responses and increases the output of a system.

An example is the release of oxytocin during childbirth, which intensifies contractions.

Question 11

Describe the negative feedback mechanism in homeostasis.

Answer 11

Negative feedback counteracts changes to return a system to its set point.

An example is the regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin.