Chapter 41 - Nutrition

Question 1

Where do animals get their nutrients from?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins

Question 2

What are some examples of minerals?

Answer 2

Calcium, oxygen, phosphorous, zinc, fluorine, and potassium

Question 3

What are some fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 3

A, D, E, K

Question 4

What happens if you take in too much or too little vitamin A?

Answer 4

If you don’t have the proper amount of vitamin A, you might have eye problems. If you take too much, you could have permanent eye damage.

Question 5

Organisms uses one of the four strategies to take in food:

Answer 5

Suspension feeders
Deposit feeders
Fluid feeders
Mass feeders

Question 6

The way the jaw of animals are formed have what kind of adaptation benefit?

Answer 6

Different species have different jaw structure; prey wouldn’t be the same or harder if one species tries to eat something that isn’t part of their food chain. (resource partioning)

Question 7

What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular ingestion?

Answer 7

Intracellular the cells engulf the food
Extracellular is food being put in the mouth

Question 8

Do sponges have a specialized digestive system. What type of feeder are they and what kind of ingestion they partake in?

Answer 8

suspension filter feeders and intracellular ingestion

Question 9

What process expels waste products?

Answer 9

Exocytosis

Question 10

What is another trait about extracellular digestion?

Answer 10

They use other cavities to break down food

Question 11

What is the gastrovascular cavity?

Answer 11

It is a digestive sax with one opening to expel and ingest food

Question 12

An earth worm is what type of feeder?

Answer 12

Deposit

Question 13

The food we chew is then called?

Answer 13

Bolus

Question 14

What is the purpose of Amylase?

Answer 14

Its an enzyme that changes complex sugars (starches) into simple sugars during digestion
starch + H2O –> maltose

Question 15

What is the purpose of the pharynx in digestion?

Answer 15

t carries air, food and fluid down from the nose and mouth. Tongue moves food down to the pharynx

Question 16

When swallowing food what happens?

Answer 16

The larynx is evaluated to meet the epiglottis which is a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you’re eating to prevent food entering your airway

Question 17

What is peristalsis?

Answer 17

It is a squeezing process that pushes the bolus from the esophagus to the stomach

Question 18

What is rugae?

Answer 18

It is the folds in the stomach that helps with expansion and aid in mechanical digestion.

Question 19

What is the purpose of the sphincter?

Answer 19

to prevent any food in the stomach from entering back the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach governs the passage of food out of the stomach into the small intestine.

Question 20

What is chyme?

Answer 20

Chyme is the food that enters into the stomach.

Question 21

Chief cells secrete what kind of protein?

Answer 21

Pepsinogen

Question 22

What is pepsinogen?

Answer 22

It is inactive form of protein. Once its released into the acidic environment, it changes it shape.

Question 23

Pepsinogen converts to an enzyme. What is that enzyme and how does it convert into it?

Answer 23

Pepsin-an enzyme that breaks down proteins. Their production is stimulated by the presence of gastrin in the blood. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) converts pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down proteins into peptides.

Question 24

Parietal cells secrete what?

Answer 24

HCl

Question 25

What is gastrin and what its purpose?

Answer 25

Its the hormone that stimulates HCl. Gastrin also helps stimulate the protein pump.

Question 26

Whats an example negative feedback when talking about digestion?

Answer 26

If the stomach gets too acidic, it shuts down. Gastrin will stop being produced and hydrogen will as well. pepsin formation will begin to slow down

Question 27

The ______________ is very important for digestion. This organ absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

Answer 27

Small intestine

Question 28

What is the purpose of the liver?

Answer 28

It stores glycogen, regulates, blood glucose levels, and detoxifies drugs. It also break down fats

Question 29

The liver produces something called bile. What is that?

Answer 29

Bile is a mixture of salts, water and cholesterol.

Question 30

The pancreas is associated with blood sugar regulation. Explain the two major cells and their function.

Answer 30

The first cell hormones are involved to regulate blood sugar levels. The second cell releases pancreatic juice (1L/Day) into the small intestine

Question 31

Pancreatic juice is consisted of what

Answer 31

water, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes (Trypsinogen)

Question 32

What is the purpose of the sodium bicarbonate inside the pancreatic juice?

Answer 32

To stabilize the pH in the stomach

Question 33

What is trypsin?

Answer 33

Trypsin is an enzyme that helps us digest protein. In the small intestine, trypsin breaks down proteins, continuing the process of digestion that began in the stomach. It may also be referred to as a proteolytic enzyme, or proteinase. Trypsin is produced by the pancreas in an inactive form called trypsinogen

Question 34

Most absorption of nutrients occurs where?

Answer 34

Small intestine

Question 35

What kind of tissue is in the small intestine?

Answer 35

smooth muscle

Question 36

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 36

Flow o water, undigested fats, proteins, and fibers
contains bacteria
vitamin k is made by e coli
some nutrient absorption