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Biology > Chapter 41 - Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 41 - Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Insulin

A

Decrease blood glucose level
Secreted by: beta-cells in pancreas
Antagonistic to glucagon

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2
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose level

Secreted by: alpha-cells in pancreas

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3
Q

Tropic hormone

A

stimulates other endocrine gland to secrete hormones

(target cells are other endocrine glands)

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4
Q

Non-tropic hormone

A

directly causes response by binding to specific receptor

e.g. PEG - Prolactin, Endorphin, Growth hormones

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5
Q

Endocrine

A
  • intercellular communication
  • ductless gland
  • receptors on target cells
  • secreted into bloodstream
    e. g. hormone
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6
Q

Exocrine

A
  • extracellular communication
  • gland with duct
    e. g. sweat, sebum, digestive enzyme
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7
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

= norepinephrine = adrenaline = noradrenaline
nor = methyl group absent
hydrophilic amine hormone
-belongs to catecholamine (two hydroxy phenols and amine)
-neurotransmitter
-produced in: adrenal medulla
-role: fight/flight response - raises blood glucose level, acts on pancreas, smooth muscle, digestive system

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8
Q

5 types of intercellular communication

A

1) Endocrine signaling
2) Paracrine signaling (local)
3) Autocrine signaling (local)
4) Synaptic signaling
5) Neuroendocrine signaling

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9
Q

Endocrine signaling

A
  • local
  • signal molecule: hormone
  • secreting cell: endocrine gland
  • route: blood stream to target cell with specific receptor
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10
Q

Paracrine signaling

A
  • local
  • signal molecule: local regulator
  • secreting cell: neighbor cells
  • route: interstitial fluid
    e. g. cytokines, growth factors (polypeptides)
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11
Q

Autocrine signaling

A
  • local
  • signal molecule: local regulator
  • secreting cell: they themselves are target cells
  • route: interstitial fluid
    e. g. cytokines, growth factors (polypeptides)
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12
Q

Synaptic signaling

A
  • nervous system (neuron to neuron)
  • signal molecule: neurotransmitter
  • secreting cell: neurons (nerve cells)
  • route: movement across synapse
    e. g. inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters
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13
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A
  • nervous system (neuron to bloodstream)
  • signal molecule: neurohormones
  • secreting cell: neurosecretory cells
  • route: blood stream to target cell with receptor
    e. g. oxytocin, ADH, TRH
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14
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin
produced in: hypothalamus
stored in : posterior pituitary gland
role: promotes retention of water by kidneys

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15
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

tropic hormone

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16
Q

Prostaglandin

A
  • local regulator (paracine, autocrine signaling)
  • modified fatty acid
  • found in prostate gland
  • also in semen (cause contraction of uterine wall)
  • promotes inflammation, pain sensing
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17
Q

Aspirin

A

painkiller
-blocks prostaglandin synthesis
(prostaglandin increases inflammation and immune response)

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18
Q

Ibuprofen

A

painkiller
-blocks prostaglandin synthesis
(prostaglandin causes inflammation)

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19
Q

Cytokines

A

polypeptides

enhance immune response

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20
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO)

A
  • local regulator
  • acts as neurotransmitter
  • promotes vasodilation of blood vessel in penis (increases strength & duration of erection)
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21
Q

polypeptide (local regulator)

A

cytokines

growth hormones

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22
Q

Chemical classes of local regulators

A

1) prostaglandin
2) polypeptide
3) gas

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23
Q

Chemical classes of hormones

A

1) Polypeptide
2) amine
3) steroid

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24
Q

Polypeptide hormone

A
  • most abundant
  • hydrophilic
  • binds to membrane receptors
    e. g. insulin
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25
Q

Amine hormone

A
  • contains amino group (NH2)
  • hydrophilic
    e. g. epinephrine
26
Q

Dopamine

A

hydrophilic amine hormone

role: reward system

27
Q

Thyroxine

A

hydrophobic amine hormone
produced in: thyroid gland
role: increases metabolic rate, but does not affect blood glucose level

28
Q 
Steroid hormone
(types)
A
  • hydrophobic
  • structure: four fused ring
    1) sex hormone
    2) corticoid hormone
    3) vitamin D
29
Q

Sex hormone

A

-steroid hormone
testosterone
estradiol

30
Q

Corticoid hormone

A
  • steroid hormone
    1) glucocorticoid (cortisol, cortisone) : increases blood glucose level but does not affect metabolism
    2) mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) : absorbs mineral ions in distal convoluted tubule
31
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • steroid hormone
  • causes Ca2+ absorption into blood
  • deficiency syndrome : Rickets
32
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced in: hypothalamus
Stored in: posterior pituitary gland
Role: reward system, stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells in uterus & mammary glands

33
Q

Prolactin

A

Non-tropic hormone
Produced in: anterior pituitary gland
Role: stimulates mammary gland cells, breast milk production

34
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
-tropic hormone
Produced in: Anterior pituitary gland
Role: stimulates thyroid gland

35
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

-tropic hormone

36
Q

ACTH

A

anterior pituitary gland

stimulates adrenals cortex to release…

37
Q

Pituitary gland

A

“master gland”

1) anterior pituitary
- secretes: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphin, growth hormone (FLAT PEG)
2) posterior pituitary
- secretes: oxytocin, vasopressin

38
Q

Two modes of coordination and communication in our body

A

1) Nervous system
- fast, direct
- short-lasting
- travels through neural synapses
- messenger: neurotransmitters

2) Endocrine system
- slow, indirect
- long-lasting
- travels through blood
- messenger: hormones

39
Q

List the major endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary gland 
Hypothalamus 
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland 
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas 
Adrenal gland 
Reproductive organs (ovary, testes) 
Kidney 
Digestive organs
40
Q

Rickets

A

bone deformity

-caused by Ca2+ deficiency

41
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone softening

-caused by Ca2+ deficiency

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • neuroendocrine gland = contains neurosecretory cells

- releases: (1) oxytocin (2) vasopressin (ADH) from posterior pituitary

43
Q

Pineal gland

A

Hormone secreted: melatonin (sleep cycle, biorhythm)

44
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Tropic hormone
Produced in: Anterior pituitary gland
Role: stimulates follicle to secrete estradiol

45
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone
Tropic hormone
Produced in: Anterior pituitary gland
Role: stimulates ovulation in women, stimulates corpus lute to produce progesterone

46
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Tropic hormone
Secreted by: anterior pituitary hormone
Role: stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete long term stress hormone

47
Q

Growth hormone

A

BOTH tropic and non-tropic hormone
Secreted by: anterior pituitary gland
Role: stimulates growth & metabolic functions
*abnormality can cause gigantism, dwarfism

48
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Hormone secreted: thyroid hormone (T3, T4), calcitonin

49
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Secreted by: thyroid gland

Role: stimulates & maintains metabolic processes

50
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by: thyroid gland

Role: lowers blood calcium level, increases bone calcium level

51
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Hormone secreted: parathyroid hormone

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Secreted by: parathyroid gland

Role: raises blood calcium level, decreases bone calcium level

53
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Hormones secreted:

1) Adrenal medulla: epinephrine
2) Adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

54
Q

Pancreas

A

Hormones secreted: Insulin, glucagon

55
Q

Ovaries

A

Hormones secreted: estrogens, progestins

56
Q

Testes

A

Hormones secreted: androgens

57
Q

Glucocorticoids

A 
hydrophobic steroid (corticoid) 
stimulated by: adrenal cortex 
role: raises blood glucose level, suppression of immune system
58
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

hydrophobic steroid (corticoid)
stimulated by: adrenal cortex
role: promotes retention of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys, absorbs mineral ions in distal convoluted tubule

59
Q

Endorphin

A

Non-tropic, Peptide hormone
secreted by: anterior pituitary gland
role: natural analgesics (painkiller, relieve pain)

60
Q

Long term stress response

A

Process:

1) stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to activate adrenal cortex through hormonal signals
2) adrenal cortex stimulates mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

61
Q

Short term stress response

A

Process:

1) stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to activate adrenal medulla through nerve impulses
2) Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine

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