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Biology > Chapter 40 - The Animal Body > Flashcards

Chapter 40 - The Animal Body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different types of tissue

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

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2
Q

Convergent evolution

A
  • features with similar functions but different evolutionary origin
  • produces analogous structures
    e. g. flight structures of insects & bats
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3
Q

Divergent evolution

A
  • evolutionarily common origin, but development into different function
  • produces homologous structures
    e. g. arm structure of humans, cats, whale, bat (all serve different purposes)
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4
Q

What are the specialized exchange surfaces in the human body

A

1) respiratory system (lungs, bronchi, alveoli)
2) excretory system (nephron)
3) digestive system (microvillus)

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • one of four tissue types
  • covers outside of the body
  • avascular - nourished by simple diffusion
  • polarized - have apical and basal surface
    role: barrier against pathogen, injury etc., exchange surface with environment

Types: squamous, columnar, cuboidal

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6
Q

connective tissue

A
  • one of four tissue types
  • most abundant
  • sparse population of cells scattered through extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • role: holds tissues/organs together in place

types of fiber
1) collagenous fiber - strength & flexibility
(tendon, ligament)
2) reticular fiber - join tissue to adjacent tissue
(connect skin to subcutaneous layer)
3) elastic fiber - makes tissue elastic, restores it to original shape

types of connective tissue:

1) loose connective tissue
- most prevalent
- has all 3 types of fiber
* adipose tissue - specialized loose connective tissue storing fat in adipose cells
2) fibrous connective tissue
- dense in collagenous fiber
- tendon (connect muscle to bone), ligaments (connect bone to bone)
e. g. crucial ligament in knee
3) blood
- connects interstitial fluid to the exchange surface
- made of plasma + blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelet)
4) bone
- mineralized connective tissue
- Ca, Mg, Phosphate ions combine into hard mineral with fibrous matrix
5) cartilage
- cushion between vertebrate bones (shock absorber - disk)
- collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin-sulfate (ECM)
- no neurons/blood vessels - recovery is very slow

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7
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • one of four tissue types
  • responsible for body movement
  • composed of actin/myosin fibers
  • polynucleated by fusion of myoblasts

1) smooth muscle
- no striations
- involuntary movement (autonomous nervous system)
- found in walls of visceral organ (e.g. blood vessel)
2) cardiac muscle
- striated
- involuntary movement
- has Y-shaped intercalated disk to synchronize contraction/relaxation of heart
3) skeletal muscle
- attach to bone by tendons
- responsible for voluntary movement (motor system)
- striated, polynucleated
- bulk up (increase in size, not number)

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8
Q

nerve tissue

A
  • one of four tissue types
  • receive, process, transmit information as electrical impulse

1) nerve cells - functional unit of nervous system
2) glial cells - supporting cells (nourish, replenish, insulate nerve cells)

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9
Q

Types of fibers in connective tissue

A

1) collagenous fiber - strength & flexibility
(tendon, ligament)
2) reticular fiber - join tissue to adjacent tissue
(connect skin to subcutaneous layer)
3) elastic fiber - makes tissue elastic, restores it to original shape

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10
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

1) loose connective tissue
- most prevalent
- has all 3 types of fiber
* adipose tissue - specialized loose connective tissue storing fat in adipose cells
2) fibrous connective tissue
- dense in collagenous fiber
- tendon, ligaments (connect bone to bone)
e. g. crucial ligament in knee
3) blood
- connects interstitial fluid to the exchange surface
- made of plasma + blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelet)
4) bone
- mineralized connective tissue
- Ca, Mg, Phosphate ions combine into hard mineral with fibrous matrix
5) cartilage
- cushion between vertebrate bones (shock absorber - disk)
- collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin-sulfate (ECM)
- no neurons/blood vessels - recovery is very slow

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11
Q

blood vessel

A

organ

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12
Q

osteoblast

A

bone forming cell

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13
Q

osteoclast

A

bone breaking cell

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14
Q

osteon

A

repeating unit of bone

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15
Q

bone growth plate

A

epiphyseal plate

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16
Q

loose connective tissue

A
  • one of five types of connective tissue
  • most prevalent
  • has all 3 types of fiber
  • adipose tissue - specialized loose connective tissue storing fat in adipose cells
17
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A
  • one of five types of connective tissue
  • dense in collagenous fiber
  • tendon (bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone)
    e. g. crucial ligament in knee
18
Q

blood

A
  • one of five types of connective tissue
  • connects interstitial fluid to the exchange surface
  • made of plasma + blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelet)
19
Q

bone

A
  • one of five types of connective tissue
  • mineralized connective tissue
  • Ca, Mg, Phosphate ions combine into hard mineral with fibrous matrix
20
Q

cartilage

A
  • one of five types of connective tissue
  • cushion between vertebrate bones (shock absorber - disk)
  • collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin-sulfate (ECM)
  • no neurons/blood vessels - recovery is very slow
21
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • one of three types of muscle tissue
  • no striations
  • involuntary movement (autonomous nervous system)
  • found in walls of visceral organ (e.g. blood vessel)
22
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • one of three types of muscle tissue
  • attach to bone by tendons
  • responsible for voluntary movement (motor system)
  • striated, polynucleated
  • bulk up (increase in size, not number)
23
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • one of three types of muscle tissue
  • striated
  • involuntary movement
  • has Y-shaped intercalated disk to synchronize contraction/relaxation of heart
24
Q

Regulator animals

A

animals that control their internal steady state in face of external changes
e.g. mammals

25
Q

Conformer animals

A

animals that allow their internal steady state to change according to external changes
e.g. fish

26
Q

trigger response

A

physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
e.g. shivering to raise body temperature

27
Q

acclimatization

A

temporary shift to adjust external changes

e.g. fever - temporary shift in body temperature in response to infections

28
Q

endothermy

A

using internal heat generated by metabolism

  • homeotherm (constant, same)
    e. g. birds, mammals
29
Q

ectothermy

A

use external heat from environment

  • poikilotherm - fluctuating body temperature
    e. g. reptiles
30
Q

poikilotherm

A

ectothermic organisms

  • fluctuating body temperature
    e. g. reptiles
31
Q

homeotherms

A

endothermic organisms

  • constant body temperature
    e. g. mammals, birds
32
Q

Type of thermoregulating organisms

A

1) endotherms (homeotherms)

2) ectotherms (poikilotherms)

33
Q

hypothalamus

A

main control center of body temperature
-part of autonomous nervous system

stages of thermoregulation
-set point > stimulus > sensor > control center > response

34
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange

A

transfer of heat/substance between 2 fluids flowing in opposite direction
-maximizing rate of exchange

35
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

minimum metabolic rate of a non-growing endotherm at room temp.

36
Q

standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

minimum metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature

37
Q

torpor

A

adapted physiological state of decreased activity & metabolic rate in order to conserve energy

short term torpor - sleep
long term torpor - hibernation for energy saving (winter), estivation to save H2O (summer)

Biology (4 decks)

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