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chapter 41 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

interspecific interactions

A

a relationship between individuals of two or more species

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2
Q

interspecific competition -/-

A

competition for resources between individuals of two or more species

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3
Q

competitive exclusion

A

one species has an advantage that leads to the local elimination of the other

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4
Q

ecological niche

A

the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment

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5
Q

resource partitioning

A

the division of environmental resources by coexisting species so the niche differs by one or more factors

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6
Q

fundamental vs realized niche

A

fundamental - potential niche that species can occupy

realized - the actual niche they occupy

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7
Q

character displacement

A

the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than allopatric populations of two species
galapagos finches

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8
Q

predation +/-

A

interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

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9
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camouflage, makes species difficult to see

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10
Q

mechanical vs chemical defense

A

mechanical is like thorns, spikes, etc

chemical is poison, skunks, etc

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11
Q

aposematic coloration

A

a warning coloration, exhibited by animals with effective chemical defenses

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12
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful one, defensive behaviors or coloration, etc

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13
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

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14
Q

herbivory +/-

A

interaction in which an organism eats parts of plant or alga

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15
Q

symbiosis

A

individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

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16
Q

parasitism +/-

A

parasite derives nourishment from its host

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17
Q

endoparasites vs. ectoparasites

A

endo - live within the body

ecto - feed on the external surface

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18
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ both benefit

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19
Q

commensalism

A

+/0 one benefits, nothing happens to the other

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20
Q

facilitation

A

having positive effects on the survival and reproduction of another species w/o living in direct and intimate contact of a symbiosis

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21
Q

species diversity vs species richness

A

diversity - the variety of diff. species in a community, depends on what is seen
richness - the number of diff species in a community, depends completely on #

22
Q

relative abundance

A

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

23
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of all individuals in a population

24
Q

invasive species

A

organisms that become established outside their native range

25
Q

trophic structure

A

different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, determine energy flow and chemical cycling route

26
Q

food chain vs. food web

A

chain - the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels

webs - how the chains are linked together

27
Q

dominant species

A

most abundant/highest biomass

28
Q

keystone species

A

not usually abundant in a community but v. important bc of their niche

29
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

alter the environment, like beavers

30
Q

bottom up vs top down

A

bottom - the amount at the top depends on the amount at the bottom
top - the amount at the top determines the amounts at the bottom (wolf goes up, elk goes down, plants go up, that one)

31
Q

biomanipulation

A

applying the top-down model to improve ecosystems

32
Q

balance of nature view

A

all biological communities are at eq’m or stable unless disturbed by human activity

33
Q

stability

A

a community’s tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species

34
Q

F.E. Clements

A

climax community, determined solely by climate

35
Q

A.G. Tansley

A

micro-climate leads to multiple communities in area, like differences in soil, topography, etc

36
Q

H.A. Gleason

A

chance and disturbance

37
Q

nonequilibrium model

A

describes most communities as constantly changing after disturbance

38
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

moderate level of disturbance has more species diversity than high or low levels

39
Q

ecological succession

A

transition in the species composition of a community following a disturbance

40
Q

primary succession

A

when the process begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

41
Q

order of primary succession

A

prokaryotes/protists -> lichens/mosses -> soil from weather/decomposition -> grasses, shrubs, trees -> dominant vegetation

42
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs when an existing communities has been cleared by some disturbance but leaves soil intact

43
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the evaporation of water from soil and plants together

higher this -> higher diversity

44
Q

potential evapotranspiration

A

a measure of potential water loss that assumes that water is readily available, determined by solar radiation and temp

45
Q

alexander von humboldt

A

described one of the first patterns of species richness the species area curve

46
Q

species area curve

A

more area, more species

47
Q

macarthur and wilson

A

developed a general model of island biogeography to identify key determinants of species diversity on an island

48
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing organisms and viruses

49
Q

zoonotic pathogens

A

passed from animals to humans

50
Q

vector

A

an intermediate species that often spread zoonotic diseases like ticks, lice, etc

bio final (3 decks)

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