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chapter 40 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

climate

A

the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

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2
Q

the four physical factors of climate

A

temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind

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3
Q

abiotic factors

A

the nonliving factors of the environment, chemical and physical attributes

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4
Q

biotic factors

A

living, the other living organisms that affect the individual’s environment

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5
Q

macroclimate

A

climate at the global, regional and landscape levels

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6
Q

what determines global climate patterns

A

solar energy, earth’s movement in space

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7
Q

biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type or by physical environment

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8
Q

climograph

A

a plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region

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9
Q

three abiotic things that determine biomes

A

temp, precip, and climatic variation

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10
Q

disturbance

A

an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community

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11
Q

biotic things that determine biomes?

A

types of vegetation, microorganisms, fungi, animals

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12
Q

ecotone

A

area of intergradation between the annual averages of temp and precip between the biomes, no sharp boundaries

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13
Q

canopy

A

the uppermost layer of a forest

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14
Q

ecology

A

the study of homes, distribution and abundance of organisms

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15
Q

organismal ecology

A

ecology of a single organisms, evolutionary/behavioral/physiological ecology

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16
Q

population ecology

A

factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time

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17
Q

community ecology

A

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

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18
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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19
Q

global ecology

A

examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere

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20
Q

photic zone

A

where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

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21
Q

aphotic zone

A

little light penetrates

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22
Q

pelagic zone

A

the zone from the the surface to the bottom

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23
Q

benthic zone

A

the floors, consists of organic and inorganic sediments and occupied by benthos

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24
Q

benthos

A

organisms that live in the benthic zone

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25
Q

littoral zone

A

well lit, shallow enough for plants to be rooted, high productivity

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26
Q

limnetic zone

A

too deep for rooted plants but holds large amounts of microorganisms

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27
Q

thermocline

A

a narrow layer of abrupt temp change in oceans and most lakes/rivers

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28
Q

what factors determine how communities are distributed

A

water depth, degree of light penetration, distance from shore, if found in open water or near the bottom

29
Q

marine benthic zones

A

the ocean floor

30
Q

oceanic pelagic zone

A

most of the water in the ocean that’s far from shore

31
Q

coral reefs

A

typically warm water, tropical ecosystem dominated by the hard skeletal structures secreted primarily by corals

32
Q

oligotrophic lake

A

nutrient poor and oxygen rich, clear lake with few phytoplankton

33
Q

eutrophic lake

A

nutrient rich and oxygen poor during peaks of summer and winter

34
Q

intertidal zone

A

the shallow zone of the ocean adjacent to land and between high and low tide lines

35
Q

wetlands

A

a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water saturate soil

36
Q

estuary

A

the area where a freshwater stream/river merges with the ocean

37
Q

species distributions are a consequence of

A

both ecological and evolutionary interactions through time

38
Q

ecological time

A

the differential survival and reproductive of individuals that leads to evolution (generally short term)

39
Q

evolutionary time

A

organisms adapting to their environment over the time fram of many generations through natural selection (very long term)

40
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from enters of high population density

41
Q

potential range of species is _____ than actual range

A

larger

42
Q

what three steps do you follow to figure out what limits distribution?

A

dispersal -> biotic factors -> abiotic factors

43
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

44
Q

density

A

the number of individuals within the boundaries of the population

45
Q

clumped (pattern of dispersion)

A

individuals are aggregated in patches

46
Q

uniform (pattern of dispersion)

A

evenly spaced

47
Q

dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

48
Q

random (pattern of dispersion)

A

unpredictable spacing

49
Q

territoriality

A

animals antagonistic interactions to determine their own space, a defense of a bounded area against others

50
Q

demography

A

the study of the vital statistics of population and how they change over time

51
Q

life table

A

age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population, estimates avg age of individuals

52
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age

53
Q

survivorship curve

A

a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

54
Q

type I curve

A

flat at the start, low death rates through beginning and middle of life, then drops steep at the end

55
Q

type II curve

A

intermediate, with a constant death rate over the life span

56
Q

type III curve

A

drops sharply at the start, high death rate for the young and flattens out

57
Q

reproductive rate

A

the rates of females producing more females

58
Q

reproductive tables

A

also fertility schedule, an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population

59
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

60
Q

logistic vs exponential population growth

A

logistic is that growth approaches zero as population approaches carrying capacity
exponential is where growth is unlimited and at a constant rate

61
Q

smaller N vs. larger N

A

smaller N - higher rate

large N - lower rate

62
Q

life history

A

the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

63
Q

what are the life history traits

A

when reproduction begins
how often they reproduce
how many offspring per reproductive cycle
how many offspring survive

64
Q

K-selection

A

density-dependent selection, selects for traits that are sensitive to population density and are favored in high densities
less offspring, more provisioning, higher survival rate

65
Q

r-selection

A

density-independent selection for traits that maximize reproductive success, favored in low densities
more offspring, less provisioning, lower survival rate

66
Q

density independent

A

birth/death rate that does not change with population density

67
Q

density dependent

A

death rate that rise or birth rate that falls as density rises

68
Q

population dynamics

A

the study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size
wolf/elk/vegetation relationships between population and their numbers

69
Q

metapopulation

A

a group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration

bio final (3 decks)

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