Chapter 41,42,43 Flashcards
Reproductive Diseases
What is cystourethrography?
A diagnostic imaging test that visualizes the bladder and urethra using contrast dye to diagnose structural abnormalities or blockages.
What are the nursing responsibilities after a cystourethrography procedure?
• Monitor for signs of urinary retention or infection.
• Encourage fluid intake to flush out contrast.
• Report any blood in the urine or difficulty urinating.
What is the PSA test used for?
It is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
What is the normal PSA value?
Less than 4 ng/mL.
What does a PSA level higher than 4 ng/mL indicate?
Possible prostate cancer, prostatitis, or BPH.
What test should follow an abnormal PSA result?
A prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) test or a biopsy.
What does an elevated calcium level along with a high PSA indicate?
It may indicate metastasis of prostate cancer to the bone.
What is the purpose of a transillumination exam?
To differentiate between fluid-filled and solid masses in the scrotum.
How is a transillumination exam conducted?
A light is shined through the mass to determine its composition.
What does an opaque appearance during transillumination indicate?
A solid mass, which may suggest a tumor.
How should a testicular self-exam be performed?
Monthly in a warm shower by gently rolling each testicle between the thumb and fingers.
What findings during a testicular self-exam should be reported?
Any lumps, swelling, or changes in consistency.
How should a breast self-exam be performed?
Monthly, checking for lumps, dimpling, nipple discharge, or changes in size/shape.
What do the terms gravida, para, and abortion mean in reproductive history?
• Gravida (G): Number of pregnancies.
• Para (P): Number of births.
• Abortions (A): Number of pregnancy losses.
What is a DEXA scan used for?
To assess bone density and osteoporosis risk.
Who should get a DEXA scan?
Postmenopausal women and individuals at high risk for fractures.
What is the most common cause of fibrocystic breast disease?
Hormonal fluctuations leading to fluid-filled cysts.
How is fibrocystic breast disease treated?
Supportive bras, warm compresses, NSAIDs, and hormonal therapy.
How does menopause affect fibrocystic breast disease?
Symptoms improve due to decreased hormonal stimulation.
What are the signs and symptoms of Bartholin cysts?
Swelling, pain, and tenderness near the vaginal opening, with possible infection.
What are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?
Genetic mutations that increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
What risks are increased when a woman has BRCA1 or BRCA2?
A significantly higher probability of developing cancer.
What options are available for women with the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene?
Regular screening, prophylactic mastectomy, and hormonal therapy.
What is involved in post-mastectomy care?
• Drain management.
• Elevating the affected arm.
• Avoiding IVs/blood draws on the affected side.
What are the benefits of targeted therapies in breast cancer?
More precise treatment with fewer side effects.
What are the signs and symptoms of PMDD?
Mood swings, depression, irritability, fluid retention, and headaches.
What treatments are available for PMDD?
NSAIDs, antidepressants, lifestyle modifications, and hormone therapy.
What are the signs and symptoms of endometriosis?
Chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and painful periods.
How is endometriosis treated?
NSAIDs, hormonal therapy, and surgical options like laparoscopy.
What are alternative pain relief options for endometriosis?
Heat therapy and relaxation techniques.
What is the purpose of laparoscopic surgery in endometriosis?
To remove endometrial tissue and reduce symptoms.
What are post-surgical considerations after laparoscopy?
Monitoring for infection, managing pain, and avoiding strenuous activities.
What is menopause?
The permanent cessation of menstruation due to decreased hormone production.
What is the criteria for diagnosing menopause?
12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.
What foods are rich in phytoestrogens?
Soybeans, flaxseeds, berries, and garlic.
How do phytoestrogen-rich foods benefit menopausal women?
They help alleviate menopausal symptoms like hot flashes.
How is basal body temperature (BBT) used to track ovulation?
By taking the temperature at the same time every morning before getting out of bed.
What are the risks associated with oral contraceptives?
Increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and hypertension.
What factors increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with oral contraceptives?
Smoking, obesity, and prolonged immobility.
When is the best time for IUD insertion?
During the first 7 days of menstruation.
How does spermicide enhance condom effectiveness?
It adds an extra barrier to prevent pregnancy.
What are the signs and symptoms of TSS?
Fever, hypotension, rash, peeling skin, and confusion.
How can TSS be prevented?
By changing tampons every 4 hours and avoiding prolonged tampon use.
What are the signs and symptoms of PCOS?
Irregular periods, infertility, weight gain, and insulin resistance.
How does PCOS affect fertility?
It can cause anovulation, making conception difficult.
What is the pathophysiology of acute prostatitis?
Inflammation of the prostate gland caused by bacterial infection or chronic pelvic pain syndrome; not typically transmissible.
What are the signs and symptoms of acute prostatitis?
Pain, urgency, frequency, dysuria, urinary retention, fever, chills.
What patient education should be provided for acute prostatitis?
Encourage frequent bladder emptying and limit alcohol intake. Educate about medication adherence and symptom monitoring.
What is the pathophysiology of BPH?
Enlargement of the prostate gland leading to urinary obstruction due to hyperplastic growth.
What are the signs and symptoms of BPH?
Urinary retention, weak stream or dribbling, nocturia, dysuria, urgency.
What treatments are available for BPH?
Alpha-blockers, hormone blockers, transurethral microwave therapy, transurethral needle ablation, TURP.
What do alpha-blocking medications do?
They prevent norepinephrine from binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors, reducing urinary obstruction.
What nursing education should be provided for a patient on alpha-blockers?
Take medication at bedtime, monitor blood pressure, report dizziness or weakness.
What are complications of urinary retention?
UTI, hydronephrosis, permanent kidney damage.
What is continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)?
A three-way Foley catheter with a 30-60cc balloon inserted to maintain catheter patency and prevent clot formation using normal saline irrigation.
What post-surgical education should be provided after TURP?
Avoid heavy lifting, stairs, driving, and sexual activity for 6 weeks. Encourage hydration and high-fiber diet.
What signs and symptoms should be reported after TURP?
Increased bleeding, signs of urinary tract infection, severe pain or bladder spasms.
What are complications of TURP?
Erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, retrograde ejaculation.
What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?
Age >65, high testosterone, high-fat diet, family history, occupational exposures.
What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?
Urinary obstruction, hematuria, urinary retention, bone pain, weight loss.
What are the diagnostic tests for prostate cancer?
DRE, PSA, transurethral ultrasound with biopsy, bone scan.
What treatments are available for prostate cancer?
Testosterone-suppressing medications (early stage), TURP, radiation, orchiectomy, chemotherapy (late stage).
What is a radical prostatectomy?
Surgical removal of the prostate gland, typically for localized cancer.
What are the signs and symptoms of epididymitis?
Pain and swelling of the epididymis, urinary discomfort.
What are the causes of epididymitis?
Infection or trauma.
What is a complication of epididymitis?
Can lead to sterility.
What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?
Cryptorchidism, family history, white ethnicity, high socioeconomic status.
What are the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
Painless lump, swelling (early); signs of metastasis (late).
What patient education should be provided for testicular cancer?
Teach testicular self-examination, discuss sperm banking, provide emotional support.
What are options for family planning before testicular cancer treatment?
Sperm banking before chemotherapy or surgery.
What does a vasectomy procedure entail?
Interruption of the vas deferens to prevent sperm transport. Sperm is absorbed by the body.
How does vasectomy affect fertility?
Provides permanent birth control; effective after ~3 months.
What are the causes of ED?
Circulatory, neurological, hormonal imbalances, stress, medications, alcohol/drug use.
What are the signs and symptoms of ED?
Inability to obtain or maintain an erection.
What are treatment options for ED?
Lifestyle changes, medications (Sildenafil, Tadalafil), vacuum devices, surgery.
How long do oral ED medications take to work?
30-60 minutes.
What is the onset time for ED injections and suppositories?
5-10 minutes.
What patient education is important for ED treatment?
Avoid nitrates, report prolonged erections (>4 hours).
What are pre-testicular factors of infertility?
Endocrine disorders affecting sperm production.
What are testicular factors of infertility?
Varicocele, idiopathic low sperm count.
What are post-testicular factors of infertility?
Obstruction or surgical complications.
What is Peyronie disease?
A condition causing penile curvature due to fibrous bands.
What are the signs and symptoms of Peyronie disease?
Painful erections, erectile dysfunction, difficulty with intercourse.
