Chapter 40 : Urinary system

Question 1

What are the two main and two negligible compartments of the body fluid?

Answer 1

• Main compartment
  -Intracellular Fluids (ICF)
  -Extracellular Fluids (ECF)= Interstital fluid +Plasma
• Negligible Compartments
  -Lymph
  -Transcellular fluids

Question 2

What are intracellular and extracellular fluids(ECF) and what type of ECF fluids are there?

Answer 2

• Extracellular Fluids : contains ions and nutrients for the cell
  -Plasma
  -Interstital fluid
  -Transcellular fluid
• Intracellular fluid : Fluids inside the cell

Question 3

In the extracellular fluids, in the plasma and interstitial fluid the cation and anion components amount are all very similar except which one component ?

Answer 3

There is a significant difference in the amount of protein in the plasma compared to the interstitial fluid, there is 1.2mmol/L in plasma and 0.2mmol/L in the interstitial fluid

Question 4

In both Active and Passive transport, what are they dependent on and how does it work?

Answer 4

Passive Transport:
-There is no need for energy
-It depends on cell permeability

Active Transport:
-Requires ATP
-Moves the cargo against concentration gradient

Question 5

How does the fluid movements occur from plasma to IF?

Answer 5

it begins from the arterial end, in the Arterial end the blood pressure and hydrostatic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure which causes ultrafiltration and causes water, oxygen , AA , and glucose to all move out.

When going to the venous end, there is a higher osmotic pressure than hydrostatic pressure and it promotes reabsorption of water and it absorbs CO2 and waste back in.

Question 6

What components are continuously and freely exchanged between plasma and IF fluid by passive transport and what do they travel through?

Answer 6

H20 and plasma constituents (except for plasma proteins) are exchanged and it travels across the thin, pore lined capillary walls

Question 7

Why must ECF volume and solute be regulated?

Answer 7

• ECF volume must be regulated to maintain blood pressure
• ECF solute must be regulated to prevent swelling or shrinking of cells

Question 8

What does it mean when red blood cells are Hypertonic?

Answer 8

• It means that the concentration of the sodium is higher and this causes a high osmotic pressure causing the loss of water

Question 9

What does it mean when red blood cells are Isotonic?

Answer 9

• It means that the concentration of sodium is the same as blood causing no net movement of water

Question 10

What does it mean when red blood cells are Hypotonic?

Answer 10

• It means that the concentration of sodium is lower so it causes the water to flow into the red blood cells

Question 11

What are transcellular fluids and what are some examples of them?

Answer 11

Transcellular fluids are secreted by specific cells into a particular body cavity to perform a specialized function. Some examples include

-CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
-ocular fluud
-synovial fluid
-serous fluids (pericardial, intrapleural, peritoneal), digestive juices

Question 12

What effect do the transcellular fluids have on the body fluid balance ?

Answer 12

They normally do not reflect changes in the body fluid balance and have their own regulation systems

However, they may reflect on fluid imbalances under pathological conditions

Question 13

What are some examples of pathological conditions involving fluid imbalances?

Answer 13

1. Dehydration
2. Hypotonic hydration
3. Edema
4. Glaucoma
5. Hydrocephalus

Question 14

What does dehydration cause and give an example of something that can cause dehydration?

Answer 14

Metabolic acidosis ( lowering pH) is caused
Diarrhea can cause dehydration

Question 15

What is hypotonic hydration and what effects does Hypotonic hydration have on the ECF, what are some consequences and treatment of hypotonic hydration?

Answer 15

• It is cellular over hydration or renal deficiency
• the ECF is diluted causing low solute concentration promoting net osmosis into tissue cells
• SOME consequences INCLUDE;
  -Nausea, vomiting , muscular , cramping and cerebral edema ( may lead to death)
• Treatment
  -Administering intravenous hypertonic saline solution

Question 16

During dehydration, what effects does the loss of water have on the ECF osmotic pressure and the cell ?

Answer 16

When excessive water its lost from the ECF, the ECF osmotic pressure rises, then this causes the Cells to lose H20 to ECF by osmosis and the cell proceeds to shrink

Question 17

During Hypotonic hydration, what effects does the gain of water have on the ECF osmotic pressure and the cell?

Answer 17

When excessive H20 enters the ECF, the osmotic pressure falls, which causes the H20 to move into cells by osmosis and this causes the cells to expand and swell

Question 18

Describe the effect an edema has on the fluids

Answer 18

An edema is caused by Net Filtration pressure which is a decrease in absorption and ultrafiltration increases which causes the water to be kicked out consistently into the interstitial space which causes the space to expand and therefore there is a bigger distance that the water molecules must travel to return to the venule

Question 19

Describe what causes Glaucoma and what fluids are involved ? What can happen if this isnt treated ?

Answer 19

This includes a Intraocular fluid (aqueous humour) which is generated by ciliary body and is also drained by drainage canal in the anterior chamber, so when it fails to drain it causes a increase in pressure of the intraocular fluid which pushes against the inner neural layer of the retina and this pressure being caused is what a Glaucoma is.

if this isnt treated it can lead to retina and optic nerve damage which can lead to blindness

Question 20

What is Hydrocephalus and what is it caused by?

Answer 20

This is when there is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

causes:
-Overproduction of CSF
-Congenital malformation blocking normal drainage of the fluid
-Complications of head injury or infections

Question 21

What are some examples of symptoms of Hydrocephalus ?

Answer 21

• Neurological symptoms such as convulsion, intellectual disability and epileptic seizures
• In fetuses, infants and young children: abnormally large head
• In elderly, fluid build up inside the brain , causes ventricle dilation and compression of the nervous tissue causing irreversible brain damage