Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NU 101 test 1 > chapter 40 - fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

chapter 40 - fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the functions of water in the body?

A 
medium for transport
needed for cellular metabolism
solvent for electrolytes
maintains body temperature
aids in digestion and elimination
acts as a lubricant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what makes up what percent of adult body weight?

A

55-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the average output per hour to maintain renal function?

A

30-60mL/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

thirst receptors

monitors serum osolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the pituitary regulate?

A

releases ADH in response to increasing serum osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid inside the cell

2/3 of the body’s water is in the ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

extracellular fluid & types

A

fluid on the outside of the cell
1/3 of the body’s water
the body is more prone to loss of this fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the body gain water

A

ingestion of liquids and foods (2300 mL/day)

during cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis (200mL/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the body lose water

A 
through the:
kidneys (1500mL/day)
evaporation from the skin (600 mL/day)
the exhalation from the lungs (300mL/day)
feces (100mL/day)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the fluid around/between cells

lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intravascular fluid

A

The fluid in the blood vessels (plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transcellular fluid

A

CSF, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, cardiac fluid, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

osmosis

A

water (solvent) passes from an area of lesser solute concentration and more water to an area of greater solute and less water concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

osmolarity

A

the concentration of particle in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

isotonic

A

remains in the intravascular space without any net flow across the semipermeable membrane
isotonic = same osmolarity as plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypotonic

A

moves out of the intravascular space into the ICF, causing cells to swell and possibly lyse
less osmolarity than plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypertonic

A

water moves out of the cells and in drawn into the intravascular compartment, causing cells to shrink
has greater osmolarity through plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name hypertonic fluids

A

5% dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s

5% dextrose in 0.9% NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name isotonic fluids

A

0.9% NaCl (normal saline)

Lactated Ringer’s solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name Hypotonic solutions

A
  1. 33% NaCl (1/3 strength normal saline)

0. 45% NaCl (1/2 strength normal saline)

20
Q

Diffusion

A

solutes move freely throughout a solvent. Moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration
ex. O2 and CO2

21
Q

active transport

A

the process that requires energy for the movement of substances through a cell membrane, against the concentration gradient from an area of lesser solute to a higher area of solute
*uses ATP

22
Q

Filtration

A

the passage of fluid through a permeable membrane from an area of high pressure to low pressure

23
Q

Fluid Volume Deficit

A

Loss of water and electrolytes from ECF

24
Q

causes of fluid volume deficit

A 
increased output
hemorrhage
vomiting
diarrhea 
burns
or thirs spacing
25
Q

what is third spacing

A

a distributional shift of body fluids into the transcellular compartment

26
Q

Dehydration

A

the loss of or deprivation of water from the body or tissues

27
Q

Hypovolemia

A

fluid loss. can also be termed dehydration

28
Q

Causes of Hypovolemia

A 
loss of fluid from anywhere
hemorrhage
Trauma
Vomiting/diarrhea
Third spacing: burns & ascites
Polyuria: Diabetes, Diuretics
29
Q

signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

A 
flat neck veins
increased HR
increased R
increased Urine Specific Gravity
low BP
low cardiovascular pressure
decreased weight
decreased skin turgor
decreased urine output
dry muscous membranes
increased Hematocrit
increased sodium
increased BUN
*thirst
30
Q

treatment/considerations for Hypovolemia

A

fluid replacement (PO or IV)
monitor for fluid overload
risk for falls due to orthostatic hypertension
daily I&O and weights

31
Q

Hypervolemia

A

fluid volume overload (over hydration)

32
Q

causes of Hypervolemia

A

Heart Failure
kidney dysfunction
cirrhosis
increased sodium intake

33
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypervolemia

A 
distended neck veins
increased HR
increased BP
increased weight
increased cardio vascular pressure
*edema
polyuria
decreased urine specific gravity
decreased hematocrit
decreased sodium
decreased BUN
34
Q

treatment/considerations for Hypervolemia

A

low sodium diets
daily I&O and weight
Diuretics
high fowlers/semi fowlers position for ease of breathing

35
Q

Sodium

A

controls and regulate the volume of body fluids
normal: 135-145 mEq/L
major cation
regulated by the kidneys/hormones
needed for nerve impulses and muscle fiber transmission

36
Q

Hypernatremia signs and symptoms

hint: fried salt

A 
sodium >145 mEq/L
flushed skin
restlessness, anxious, confused, irritable
increased BP & fluid retention
Edema (pitting)
Decreased Urine output
Skin flushed & dry
Agitation
Low grade fever
Thirst (dry mucous membranes)
37
Q

risk factors of hypernatremia

A

increased sodium intake via ingestion, IV administration
loss of fluids: diarrhea, diabetes insipidus, excessive diaphoresis, infection
decreased sodium excretion: kidney problems

38
Q

treatment of Hypernatremia

A

administer IV fluids
give diuretic to promote sodium loss
restrict sodium and fluid intake as perscribed

39
Q

Hyponatremia signs & symptoms

hint: Salt loss

A 
sodium < 135 mEq/L
Stupor/coma
Anorexia (N/V)
Lethargy (weakness/fatigue)
Tachycardia (thready pulse)
Limp muscles (muscle weakness)
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures/headaches
Stomach cramping (hyperactive bowels)
40
Q

Risk factors for hyponatremia

hint: 4 D’s

A 
increased sodium excretion: Diaphoresis
Diarrhea & vomiting
Drains (NGT suction)
Diuretics
SIADH
adrenal insufficient
inadequate sodium intake
kidney disease
heart failure
41
Q

treatment of Hyponatremia

hint: add salt

A

Administer IV sodium chloride infusions for hypovolemia
Diuretics
Daily weights
Safety - risk for falls (othrostatic hypertension)
Airway protections (NPO) increased risk of aspiration
Limit water intake
Teach about foods high in sodium

42
Q

Potassium (K)

A 
main electrolyte of ICF
normal: 3.5- 5 mEq/L
major mineral in all cellular fluids
aids in muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, regulates enzyme activity, regulate IC water content
regulated by: kidneys/hormones
inversely proportional to Sodium
43
Q

Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

hint: murder

A 
serum > 5 mEq/L
Muscle cramps and weakness
Urine abnormalities
Respiratory distress
Decreased cardiac contractility (low HR low BP)
ECG changes
Reflexes (high DTR)
44
Q

risk factors of Hyperkalemia

A 
Medications (ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs  Potassium sparing diuretics)
excessive potassium intake
Kidney disease or those on dialysis
Adrenal insufficiency
tissure damage
acidosis
hyperuricemia
Hypercatabolism
45
Q

Hyperkalemia management and treatment

A 
Monitor ECG
Discontinue IV and PO potassium
Initiate a potassium restricted diet
prepare PT for dialysis
avoid use of salt substitutes or other potassium containing substances
46
Q

Hypokalemia signs and symptoms

A 
serum < 3.5 mEq/L
thready weak and irregular pulse
orthostatic hypertension
shallow respirations
anxiety, lethargy, confusion, coma
Parethesias
Hyporflexia
Hypoactive bowel sounds (constipation)
N/V - abdominal distension
ECG changes
47
Q

Hypokalemia Risk Factors

A

actual total body potassium loss
inadequate potassium intake (NPO/fasting)
movement of potassium from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid (alkalosis)
Dilution of serum potassium

48
Q

Hypokalemia Management and treatment

A

oral potassium supplements
liquid potassium chloride
potassium retaining diuretic
NEVER ADMINISTER BY IV PUSH

NU 101 test 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions