Chapter 40 Fluid And Electrolyte Flashcards
Acidosis
Condition characterized by a proportionate excess of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid, in which the pH falls below 7.35
Acid
Substance containing a hydrogen ion that can be liberated or released
Active transport
Movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes, usually against a pressure gradient and with the expenditure or metabolic energy
Agglutinin
An antibody that that causes a clumping of specific antigens
Alkalosis
Condition, characterized by a proportionate lack of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid concentration, in which the pH exceeds 7.45
Anions
Ion that carries a negative electric charge
Antibody
Immunoglobin produced by the body in response to specific antigen
Antigen
Foreign material capable of inducing a a specific immune response
Autologous transfusion
Occurs when a pt. Donates his or her own blood for a transfusion
Base
Substances that can accept or trap a hydrogen ion; synonym for alkali
Buffer
Substance that prevents body fluid from becoming overly acid alkaline
Cation
Ion that carries a positive electric charge
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Pressure exerted u plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body; synonym for oncotic pressure
Cross-Matching
Act of determining the compatibility of two blood specimens
Diffusion
Tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
Edema
Accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces
Electrolytes
Substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when dissolved in solution
Filtration
Passage of a fluid through a permeable membrane whose spaces do not allow certain solutes to pass; passage is from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Force exerted by a fluid against the container wall
Hypercalcemia
Excess of calcium in extracellular fluid
Hyperkalemia
Excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid
Hypermagnesemia
Excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid
Hypernatremia
Excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid
Hyperphosphatemia
Above normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus
Hypertonic
Having a greater concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
Hypervolemia
Excess of plasma
Ion
Atom or molecule carrying an electric charge in solution
Isotonic
Having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared
Osmolarity
Concentration of particles in a solution , or a solutions pulling power
Osmosis
Passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established
pH
Expression of hydrogen ion concentration and resulting acidity of substance
Normal range is achieved through 3 major homeostatic regulators of hydrogen ions:
Chemical buffer system
Respiratory mechanism
Revel mechanisms
Solutes
Substance dissolved in a solution
Solvents
Liquid holding a substance in solution
Typing
Determining a persons blood type
Total Body water
Refers to the amount of water which is 50% to 60% of body weight in a healthy person
In which 35% - 40% is cell fluid
5% is plasma fluid
10% - 15% interstitial fluid
Fluid loss
Sensible and insensible losses. Sensible loss can be measured include loss during urination(micturition), defecation, and wounds
Insensible can’t be measured or seen and include fluid lost from evaporation through the skin and as water vapor from the lungs during respiration
Chemical buffer system
Three buffer system
Carbonacid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system
Body fluids
Provide a medium for transporting nutrients to cells and waste from cells.
Transporting substances such as hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red & white blood cells throughout the body
Facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning
Act as a solvent for electrolytes and no electrolytes
Help maintain normal body temperature
Facilitate digestion and promote elimination
Act as a tissue lubricant
Intracellular / extracellular fluid
Intracellular all fluid within the cells making up 70% of the total body water or 40% of the adults body weight
Transcellular Fluid
Is a third unusual minor, compartment is the Transcellular fluids. It includes cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, and pleural fluids as well as sweat and digestive secretions
Extracellular fluid
Extracellular is all the fluid outside the cells making up 30% of the total body water and 20% of the adults body weight.
Can be found interstitial or intravascular
Interstitial fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph
Intravascular fluid or plasma is the liquid component of the blood
Fluid Balance
A persons intake should normally be approximately balanced by output or fluid loss ranges from 1500mL - 3500mL
Fluid losses
Sensible / insensible losses
Sensible is through urination, defection, and wounds
Insensible can’t be measured or seen and include fluid lost from evaporation through skin and as water vapor from lungs during respiration
Homeostatic mechanisms
Almost every organ in the body assist the body in the homeostatic balance.
Kidneys filter 180L of plasma daily and excreting only 1.5L of urine selectively retain electrolytes.
Cardiovascular pumping and carrying nutrients and water throughout the body.
