Chapter 40: Antivirals pg650 Flashcards
Viruses can enter the body through at least four routes:
inhalation
through the respiratory tract, ingestion via the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract, transplacentally via mother to infant, and
inoculation via skin or mucous membranes.
changes in the cell associated
with viral replication are known as the
cytopathic effect and
usually result in the destruction of the host cell.
Drugs that actually destroy virions include
disinfectants and immunoglobulins. Disinfectants such
as povidone-iodine (Betadine) are virucides and are commonly
used to disinfect medical equipment
Many drugs for the treatment of HIV are approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) via an
accelerated
process, which means that they are approved faster than other
drugs, because of the nature of the illness.
All virions contain a genome that consists
of either DNA or RNA
antiviral
drugs interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis. Other antiviral
drugs work by preventing the fusion process
opportunistic
infections
infections caused by organisms
that would not normally harm an immunocompetent person
Most antiviral drugs
are
synthetic purine or pyrimidine nucleoside or nucleotide
analogues
Antiretroviral drugs
are indicated specifically for
the treatment of infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes
AIDS.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 HSV 1
causes mucocutaneous herpes—usually in the form of perioral
blisters (“fever blisters” or “cold sores”).
Herpes simplex
virus type 2 (HSV-2)
causes genital herpes
Human herpesvirus
3 (HHV-3)
causes both chickenpox and shingles. This virus is
more commonly known as herpes zoster virus or varicella-zoster
virus (VZV)
Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4),
known as Epstein-Barr virus, is associated with illnesses such
as infectious mononucleosis (“mono”) and chronic fatigue
syndrome.
Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)
known as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and is the cause of CMV retinitis
(a serious viral infection of the eye) and CMV disease, which
is most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients
Human herpesvirus
8
known as Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus, is an oncogenic
(cancer-inducing) virus believed to cause Kaposi’s sarcoma, an
AIDS-associated cancer
Chickenpox, highly contagious
spread by either direct contact with weeping lesions or via
droplet inhalation