Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body called

A

pharmacodynamics: pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body

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2
Q

the study of how the drug moves through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

A

pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

biotransformation

A

metabolism

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4
Q

A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect?

A

oral

Medications absorbed in the stomach and small intestine travel through the portal system and are metabolized by the liver before they reach the general circulation.

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5
Q

Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to

A

be eliminated by the body.

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%, is the drug’s half-life (also called elimination half-life).

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6
Q

Highly protein-bound drugs

A

increase the risk of drug-drug interactions

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7
Q

What is the ratio between a drug’s therapeutic effects and toxic effects called?

A

therapeutic index

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8
Q

enteral dosage form

A

Tablets, capsules, oral soluble wafers, pills, timed-release
capsules, timed-release tablets, elixirs, suspensions,
syrups, emulsions, solutions, lozenges or troches, rectal
suppositories, sublingual or buccal tablets

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9
Q

topical dosage forms

A

Aerosols, ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions,
foams, gels, transdermal patches, inhalers, rectal and
vaginal suppositories

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10
Q

The presence of food may

enhance the absorption of

A

some fat-soluble drugs or of drugs

that are more easily broken down in an acidic environment

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11
Q

examples of drugs to be taken on empty stomach

A

alendronsate sodium and risedronate sodium

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12
Q

Medications that are generally taken with food include

A

carbamazepine, iron
and iron-containing products, hydralazine, lithium, propranolol, spironolactone,
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and theophylline.

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13
Q

Macrolides and oral opioids are often taken with food

A

(even though they are

specified to be taken with a full glass of water and on an empty stomach)

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14
Q

Topically administered drugs can be applied

to the

A

skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, or vagina

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15
Q

All

topical routes of drug administration avoid

A

first-pass effects of

the liver, with the exception of rectal administration(some does)

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16
Q

First pass routes

A

hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, rectal*

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17
Q

non first pass routes

A
Aural (instilled into the ear)
Buccal
Inhaled
Intraarterial
Intramuscular
Intranasal
Intraocular
Intravaginal
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Sublingual
Transdermal
18
Q

areas of rapid distribution include

A

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

19
Q

areas of slower distribution

A

muscle, skin, fat

20
Q

a drug that is highly watersoluble

(hydrophilic) will have a

A

smaller volume of distribution

and high blood concentrations

21
Q

fat-soluble drugs

(lipophilic) have a

A

larger volume of distribution and low blood

concentrations.

22
Q
Hepatic metabolism involves the activity of a very large class
of enzymes known as
A

cytochrome P-450 enzymes (or simply

P-450 enzymes), also known as microsomal enzymes

23
Q

biliary excretion

A

The excretion of drugs by the intestines is another route

of elimination

24
Q

enterohepatic

recirculation.

A

Once certain
drugs, such as fat-soluble drugs, are in the bile, they may be
reabsorbed into the bloodstream, returned to the liver, and
again secreted into the bile.

25
Q

most drugs are considered to be effectively

removed from the body

A

After about five half-lives

26
Q

The concept of half-life

A

clinically useful for determining
when steady state will be reached in a patient taking a particular
drug

27
Q

Steady state refers to the

A

physiologic state in which the
amount of drug removed via elimination (e.g., renal clearance)
is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

28
Q

Drugs can exert their actions in three basic ways:

A

through

receptors, enzymes, and nonselective interactions

29
Q

The
degree to which a drug attaches to and binds with a receptor
is called

A

affinity

30
Q

Enzyme interactions/selective interaction

A

For a drug to alter a physiologic
response in this way, it may either inhibit (more common) or
enhance (less common) the action of a specific enzyme.

31
Q

Drug-enzyme interaction

A

occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule
in such a way that it alters (inhibits or enhances) the enzyme’s
interaction with its normal target molecules in the body

32
Q

nonselective interactions

A

target cell membranes and cause a defect which that results in cell death

33
Q

type of

therapy can be categorized as

A

acute, maintenance, supplemental

(or replacement), palliative, supportive, prophylactic, or empiric

34
Q

palliative

A

The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient

and the family

35
Q

supportive therapy

A

maintains the integrity of body functions

while the patient is recovering from illness or trauma.

36
Q

Empiric therapy…. example

A

use of antibiotics active against the organism most commonly
associated with a specific infection before the results of the culture
and sensitivity reports are available

37
Q

additive effect example

A

antihistamine and opioid
combinations (e.g., promethazine and codeine) for treatment
of cold symptoms

Often drugs are used together for their additive effects so
that smaller doses of each drug can be given

38
Q

synergistic effect example

A

hydrochlorothiazide

with lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension

39
Q

antagonistic example

A

antibiotic ciprofloxacin is given simultaneously with antacids,
vitamins, iron, or dairy products. These drugs reduce the
absorption of ciprofloxacin and lead to decreased effectiveness
of the antibiotic

40
Q

adverse drug

withdrawal event example

A

return

of infection caused by stopping antibiotic therapy too soon.

41
Q

medication use process

A

prescribing,

dispensing, administering, or monitoring of drug therapy