Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principals Flashcards
What is the study of the physiochemical properties of drugs and how they influence the body called
pharmacodynamics: pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body
the study of how the drug moves through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
pharmacokinetics
biotransformation
metabolism
A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect?
oral
Medications absorbed in the stomach and small intestine travel through the portal system and are metabolized by the liver before they reach the general circulation.
Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to
be eliminated by the body.
In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%, is the drug’s half-life (also called elimination half-life).
Highly protein-bound drugs
increase the risk of drug-drug interactions
What is the ratio between a drug’s therapeutic effects and toxic effects called?
therapeutic index
enteral dosage form
Tablets, capsules, oral soluble wafers, pills, timed-release
capsules, timed-release tablets, elixirs, suspensions,
syrups, emulsions, solutions, lozenges or troches, rectal
suppositories, sublingual or buccal tablets
topical dosage forms
Aerosols, ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions,
foams, gels, transdermal patches, inhalers, rectal and
vaginal suppositories
The presence of food may
enhance the absorption of
some fat-soluble drugs or of drugs
that are more easily broken down in an acidic environment
examples of drugs to be taken on empty stomach
alendronsate sodium and risedronate sodium
Medications that are generally taken with food include
carbamazepine, iron
and iron-containing products, hydralazine, lithium, propranolol, spironolactone,
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and theophylline.
Macrolides and oral opioids are often taken with food
(even though they are
specified to be taken with a full glass of water and on an empty stomach)
Topically administered drugs can be applied
to the
skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, or vagina
All
topical routes of drug administration avoid
first-pass effects of
the liver, with the exception of rectal administration(some does)
First pass routes
hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, rectal*