chapter 4 vocab Flashcards
culture
the total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group
society
a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and culture
ethnic group
used to refer to a group that shares a language, customs, and a common inheritage
innovation
taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet needs
diffusion
spread of ideas, patterns, and inventions
cultural health
a site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures
acculturation
occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
dialect
reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, religion, or other cultural changes
religion
a belief in a supernatural power that is regarded as the creator and maintained of the universe
birthrate
number of live births per thousand population
fertility rate
the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
mortality rate
(death rate) the number of deaths per thousand people
infant mortality rate
the number of deaths among infants under age one per thousand live births
rate of natural increase
population growth rate
population pyramid
a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population
push-pull factor
reasons for migrating
population density
a way to understand how heavily populated an area is
carrying capacity
number of organisms a piece of land can support
state
an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of the internal and external affairs
nation
a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having strong sense of unity
nation-state
when a nation and state occupy the same territory
democracy
citizens hold political power, either directly or through elected representatives
monarchy
a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share power with citizen bodies
dictatorship
an individual or a group holds complete political power
communism
in the government and economic system, nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government in the name of all people
landlocked
country surrounded by other land and no direct outlet to the sea
urban geography
study of how people use space in cities
city
not just areas with large population-they are also centers of businesses and culture
suburb
political units touching the borders of the central city or touching other suburbs that touch the city
metropolian area
the city, suburbs, and exurbs that link together economically
urbanization
dramatic rise in the number of cities and changes in lifestyle
central business district(CBD)
core of the city that is almost always based on commercial activity
economy
consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people
economic system
the way people produce, exchange goods, and exchange services
command economy
production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers
market economy
production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers
natural resources
materials on earth-such as trees, fish, or coal-that have economic value
infrastructure
the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including, power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems
percapitaincome
the average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit
gross national product(GNP)
the total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a year or some other specified period of time
gross domestic product(GDP)
total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time
