Chapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Question 1

acid

Answer 1

a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; proton donor

Question 2

base

Answer 2

a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution; proton acceptor

Question 3

chemical change / chemical reaction

Answer 3

the formation of one or more new substances by a rearrangement of atoms that involves breaking and/or forming bonds

Question 4

combustion reaction

Answer 4

a reaction of a substance with oxygen that often results in the release of a large amount of heat

Question 5

complete ionic equation

Answer 5

a chemical equation in which strong electrolytes are written as separate ions

Question 6

decomposition reaction

Answer 6

a reaction in which a compound is broken down into smaller substances

Question 7

synthesis / combination reaction

Answer 7

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound

Question 8

dilution

Answer 8

the process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution

Question 9

electrolyte

Answer 9

a substance that dissociates or ionizes in water to form an electrically conducting solution

Question 10

equivalence point / stoichiometric point

Answer 10

the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated

Question 11

exchange reaction / metathesis reaction

Answer 11

a chemical reaction that proceeds by the interchange of reactant cation-anion partners

Question 12

half-reaction

Answer 12

one of two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one part of which involves a loss of electrons and the other a gain of electrons

Question 13

molarity

Answer 13

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Question 14

molecular equation

Answer 14

a chemical equation in which the reactants and products are written as if they were molecular substances, even though they may actually exist in solution as ions

Question 15

net ionic equation

Answer 15

an ionic equation from which spectator ions have been canceled

Question 16

neutralization reaction

Answer 16

a reaction of an acid and a base that results in an ionic compound [a salt] and possibly water

Question 17

nonelectrolytes

Answer 17

a substance that dissolves in water to form an electrically nonconducting solution

Question 18

oxidation

Answer 18

the loss of electrons by a species, resulting in an increase in oxidation number

Question 19

oxidation number / oxidation state

Answer 19

a number assigned to each element in a compound in order to keep track of the electrons during a reaction

Question 20

oxidation-reduction [redox] reaction

Answer 20

a reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one species to another

Question 21

oxidizing agent

Answer 21

a species that oxidizes another species, while it is itself reduced

Question 22

precipitation reaction

Answer 22

a reaction that produces an insoluble salt [precipitate] from soluble reactants

Question 23

reducing agent

Answer 23

a species that reduces another species, while it is itself oxidized

Question 24

reduction

Answer 24

the gain of electrons by a species, resulting in a decrease in oxidation number

Question 25

salt

Answer 25

an ionic compound

Question 26

solute

Answer 26

the substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

Question 27

solvent

Answer 27

the medium in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

Question 28

spectator ion

Answer 28

an ion present in solution that does not participate directly in a reaction

Question 29

standard solution

Answer 29

a solution whose concentration is accurately known

Question 30

strong acid

Answer 30

an acid that ionizes completely in aqueous solution

Question 31

strong base

Answer 31

a base that ionizes completely in aqueous solution

Question 32

strong electrolyte

Answer 32

a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that is a good conductor of electricity

Question 33

titration

Answer 33

a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another

Question 34

volumetric analysis

Answer 34

a process involving titration of one solution with another

Question 35

weak acid

Answer 35

an acid that ionizes only slightly in aqueous solution

Question 36

weak base

Answer 36

a base that ionizes only slightly in aqueous solution

Question 37

weak electrolyte

Answer 37

a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that is a weak conductor of electricity

Question 38

hydration

Answer 38

the interaction between solute particles and water molecules

Question 39

polar molecule

Answer 39

a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment

Question 40

dipole moment

Answer 40

a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge

Question 41

solubility

Answer 41

the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature

Question 42

electrical conductivity

Answer 42

the ability to conduct an electric current