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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissues and explain it’s uses

A

Definition: Groups of similar cells that perform a common function.

Uses: holds body structures together providing the body with its shape and gives it the ability to move.

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

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3
Q

What is the Epithelial tissue?

A

Covers the body’s surface, lines the body cavities and many of the organs, and forms certain glands.

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4
Q

What is epithelial tissue classified by?

A

Shape and layers as well as glandular epithelium

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5
Q

What are the three cell shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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6
Q

Flat and plate-like cells.

A

Squamous

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7
Q

Cube-shaped cells that contain more cytoplasm than squamous cells.

A

Cuboidal

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8
Q

High and wide shaped cells that are tall and cylindrical.

A

Columnar

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9
Q

Epithelia may appear as single or multiple layers called…

A

Simple: every cell touches the basement membrane

Stratified: some cells stack on top of other cells and the upper layers of cells don’t touch the basement membrane.

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10
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

A collection of epithelial cells that specializes in secretion of a particular substance.

Exocrine glands: secrete tears, sweat, or gastric juices into ducts. The ducts then empty into a body surface or inside a body cavity.
Endocrine glands: ductless glands. Secret hormones into blood. Pituitary, thyroid, and ovaries.

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11
Q

Simple squamous epithelium; how many layers? Functions? Location?

A

Layers: Single layer of flat, scale-like cells.

Function: Allows for ready diffusion or filtration because of thinness

Location: alveoli and lining of blood and lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium: layers? Functions? Location?

A

Layers: single layer of cube-like cells

Function: secretes and absorbs

Location: ducts and tubules of many organs, including the kidneys

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13
Q

Simple columnar epithelium: layers? Functions? Location?

A

Layers: single layer of columnar cells

Functions: participates in absorption, secretes mucus by goblet cells (modified columnar cells containing secretory vesicles that produce large quantities of mucus.

Location: lines intestines

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14
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: layers? Functions? Locations?

A

Layers: single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells; cells of different heights with nuclei at different levels makes it appear stratified

Function: provides protection, secretes mucus

Location: lines trachea, large bronchi, and nasal mucosa

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15
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium: layers? Functions? Locations?

A

Layers: multiple layers (stronger than simple epithelia). Most widespread epithelium in the body

Functions: resists abrasion and penetration by pathogens, some contain keratin (epidermis) some do not (mucous membranes)

Location: epidermis of the skin, esophagus, vagina

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16
Q

Transitional epithelium: layers? Functions? Locations?

A

Layers: multiple layers, when stretched, cell layers decrease and cell shape changes from cuboidal to squamous

Function: stretches to allow filling of urinary tract

Location: urinary tract

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connect the body together

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18
Q

7 types of connective tissue

A

Dense fibrous, cartilage, reticular, areolar, blood, bone, adipose

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19
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

May be loosely arranged, as in connective tissue, or tightly packed, as in dense connective tissue.

20
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

21
Q

Areolar tissue

A
  • consists of collagen and elastin fibers in a soft, gel-like matrix
  • connects many adjacent structures in the body
  • lies underneath almost all epithelia
  • surrounds blood vessels, nerves, the esophagus, and trachea
22
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • dominated by fat cells
  • forms supporting, protective pads around the kidneys and various other structures
  • acts as a storage depot for excess food
  • helps insulate the body to conserve body heat
23
Q

Reticular tissue

A
  • consists of a loose network of reticular fibers and cells

* forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

24
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Consists of closely packed collagen fibers, forms tendons and ligaments.

25
Q

Cartilage

A

Also called chondrocytes, it has a rubbery, flexible matrix. Contains no blood vessels. Receives nutrients by diffusion- when damaged its heals slowly or not at all.

26
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

27
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found at the end of moveable joints, at the point where the ribs attach to the breastbone, the larynx, and the supportive rings around the trachea.

Forms much of the fetal skeleton

28
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Provides flexible support to the external ear and the epiglottis

29
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Forms the discs between the vertebrae and in the knee joint because this cartilage resists compressions and absorbs shock

30
Q

Bone

A

Type of tissue, also known as osseous tissue composed of osteocytes embedded in a matrix of colleges fibers and miners salt crystals (that are responsible for the hardness of the bones)

Give the body structure, provide support, and offer protection to internal organs such a as the brain. Attachment point for muscles, making movement possible. The matrix of bone serves as storage for calcium.

31
Q

Blood

A

Fluid composed of various types of blood cells surrounded by plasma. It transports cells and dissolved substances from one part of the body to another.

32
Q

Nervous tissue

A

High degree of excitability and conductivity. Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

33
Q

Two types of nerve cells

A

Neurons-the nuts that conduct nervous impulses

Neuroglia-protect and assist neurons

34
Q

Soma

A

large body of cells inside each neuron

Contains the nucleus of the nerve cell as well as the organelles

35
Q

Dentrites

A

Short processes Receive impulses from other cells then transmit to the soma

36
Q

Axon

A

A single long nerve fiber transmits signals to other cells.

37
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation. Three types. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

38
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Long thin cells (muscle fibers) called striated or voluntary (light and dark bands gives it striped or striated appearance and we can move it voluntarily).

  • most attached to bone
  • controls breathing, speech, urination, and facial expressions and makes movement possible
39
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only in the heart. Involuntary

40
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Long, spindle-shaped cell lacks striped pattern; is stimulated by autonomic nervous system, not voluntary, lines the walls of many organs; controls diameter of blood vessels.

41
Q

Tissue repair

A

Two ways; regeneration or fibrosis

42
Q

Regeneration

A

Occurs when damaged cells are replaced with same type of cells. Cuts and scrapes heal by regeneration

43
Q

Fibrosis

A

When damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue-compared mainly of collagen; binds wounds but doesn’t restore normal function.
Severe cuts or burns.

44
Q

Steps in Tissue repair

A
  1. Bleeding wound
  2. Blood clot, scan, WBC ingest bacteria and cellular debris.
  3. Surrounding healthy tissue sends nutrients. Newly formed tissue called granulation tissue forms. Fibroblasts inside granulation tissue secretes collagen forming scar tissue inside the wound.
  4. Generates new epithelial cells, migrate underneath the scab.
45
Q

Membranes

A

Thin sheets of tissue

Line body cavities, cover body surfaces, and separate organs. Some
Secret lubricants to reduce friction. Heart beats, bending joints.

46
Q

3 types of epithelial membranes

A

Mucous, cutaneous, serous.
1. Mucous lines body surfaces that open directly to body’s exterior.
2. Cutaneous; skin
3. Serous; simple squamous; line closed body cavities and also cover many of the organs in those cavities; 3 types
• pleura-surrounds lungs & lines thoracic cavity
• pericardium-surrounds the heart
• peritoneum- lined ab cavity

47
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joints

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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