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Anatomy - PCC > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue (characteristics)

A
  • cellularity
  • polarity
  • attachment to basement membrane
  • avascularity
  • innervation
  • high regeneration capacity
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue (functions)

A
  • physical protection
  • selective permeability
  • secretion
  • sensation
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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue (specialized structures)

A
  • Basement membrane (3 layers)
  • Intercellular junctions
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4
Q

Basement Membrane

A

3 layers:
- Lamina Lucida (basil lamina)
- Lamina Densa (basila lamina)
- Reticular lamina
Functions:
- physical support
- anchor
- barrier

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5
Q

Intercellular Junctions

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Adhering junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
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6
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

develops from mesoderm

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7
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

develops from ectoderm

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8
Q

Apical vs. Basal

A
  • Apical = faces free space
  • Basal = attached to basement membrane
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9
Q

Tight Junction

A

form waterprool seals between cells, near apical (top) region of cells

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10
Q

Adhering Junction

A
  • strongest cellular junctions
  • called desmosomes
  • fasten cells together
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11
Q

Desmosome vs. Belt Junction

A
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12
Q

Gap Junction

A

permits chemical or electrical communication to pass from cell to cell

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13
Q

Simple vs. Stratified

A

simple = single layer
stratified = multiple layers

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14
Q

Pseudostratified

A
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15
Q

Transitional

A
  • type of stratified tissue
  • only in bladder, ureters & urethra
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16
Q

Free Space

A
  • also called lumen
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17
Q

Lumen

A
  • center hole in a tubular organ
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18
Q

Basement Membrane

A
  • thin extracellular layer below the sheet of cells
  • made of two layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina
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19
Q

Basal Lamina

A
  • secreted by epithelial layer
  • proteoglycans and collagen fibers, etc.
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20
Q

Reticular Lamina

A
  • secreted by connective tissues below
  • glycoproteins, reticular fibers, etc
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21
Q

Lamina Propria

A
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22
Q

Squamous

A

flattened

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23
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube-shaped (spherical)

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24
Q

Columnar

A

tall and cylindrical

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25
Goblet Cell
- modified to secrete mucin - look like wine goblets - commonly found in: intestines
26
Microvilli
- increase surface area - do not move - small, finger-like cytoplasmic projections of surface membrane of cell - common found in: intestines
27
Cilia
- beat in unison to move substances - long folds of cell membrane containing internal microtubules extending from cell surface - commonly found in: fallopian tubes, spinal cord, respiratory tract
28
Mucus
- thick sticky lubricating & protecting fluid - produced by Mucin in the Mucous Membrane
29
Mucin
- protein that mixes with extracellular water to produce Mucus - in Mucous membrane
30
Mucous Membrane
- secretes Mucin to make Mucus - lines body cavities open to the outside world (i.e. mouth)
31
Serous Membrane
- secretes slippery fluid called Serous Fluid - lines body cavities NOT open to outside world (i.e. internal)
32
Exocrine
- have ducts - secrete onto an internal or external surface
33
Tubular
- if the secretory portion and the duct are of uniform diameter
34
Alveolar
- also called acinar - if the secretory sells form an expanded sac
35
Compound vs. Simple
- Simple = single, unbranched duct - Compound = branched ducts
36
Holocrine Gland
= whole cell is secreted - formed from cells that accumulate a product then the whole cell disintegrates - example: sebaceous glands
37
Apocrine gland
= apex (top)of cell is secreted - composed of cells that accumulate their secretory products in the apical portion of the cytoplasm - Example: mammary glands
38
Merocrine Gland
= liquid only is secreted - package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles - release the secretions by exocytosis - cell remains in tact
39
Endocrine
- lack ducts - secrete their products into the blood for transport - secretions are called hormones
40
Fibroblast
- large, relatively flat cells with tapered ends - type of connective tissue cell
41
Macrophage
- large, irregularly shaped cells with numerous surface folds & projections - type of connective tissue cell
42
Mast Cell
- small, mobile cells containing a granule-filled cytoplasm - found close to blood vessels - secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting & histamine to increase blood flow
43
Adipocyte
- flat cells - appear in clusters within some types of connective tissue proper
44
Matrix
intercellular substance composed of ground substance and fibers
45
Ground Substance
- can be liquid, gel, semi-solid or solid - ex. hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate
46
Protein Fibers
- Collagen - Elastin - Reticular
47
Chondroitin Sulfate, Hyaluronic Acid
types of ground substance
48
Mesenchyme
- embryonic connective tissues - loose, unspecialized tissue with star-shaped cells - can differentiate into all types of connective tissues
49
Loose vs. Dense
Loose: - Areolar - Adipose - Reticular Dense: - Dense irregular - Dense regular - Elastic
50
Endothelium
special name for the simple squamous lining of the lumen of blood vessels
51
Membranes
= simplest organs - flat sheets of pliable tissues that cover or line a part of the body - epithelial or synovial membranex
52
Mesothelium
generalized name for the serous plural, pericardial and peritoneal membranes
53
Cutaneous Membrane
- the skin - largest organ of the integumentary system - consists of epidermis and dermis
54
Synovial Membrane
lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium
55
Basic Tubular Organ Layers
- open to outside - Mucosa (epithelium & lamina propria) - Submucosa - Muscularis - Serosa
56
Multinucleate
57
Metaplasia
- when a mature epithelium changes to a different form of mature epithelium - may occur when an epithelium adapts to environmental changes (ie. smokers) - may reverse if stimulus is removed
58
Hypertrophy vs. Atrophy
- hypertrophy = increase in size of existing cells - atrophy = decrease in size (or number) of cells/tissues
59
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells in a tissue
60
Neoplasia
new, out of control growth which forms a tumor
61
Regeneration
62
Fibrosis
63
Granulation Tissue
64
Apoptosis
- programed sell death
65
Necrosis
- the term for tissue death - typically occurs due to irreversible tissue damage accompanied by an inflammatory response
66
Epithelial tissue
develops from all 3 embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
67
Connective Tissue
develops from mesoderm
68
Muscle Tissue
develops from mesoderm
69
Nervous tissue
develops from ectoderm
70
Tight Junctions
- form waterproof seals - near top (apical) region of cells
71
Anchoring Junctions
- also called desmosomes - strongest cellular junctions - fasten cells together or to extracellular material
72
Gap Junctions
- communicating junctions - permit chemical or electrical communication to pass from cell to cell
73
Lamina Propria
- connective tissue layer of the mucous membrane - areolar connective tissue

Anatomy - PCC (6 decks)

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