Chapter 4: Tissues

Question 1

Characteristic #1 of epithelial tissue, has to do with apical and basal surfaces

Answer 1

Polarity

Question 2

Surface exposed to exterior or cavity

Answer 2

Apical surface

Question 3

Surface that is deep and attached to connective tissue

Answer 3

Basal surface

Question 4

Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

Answer 4

Microvilli

Question 5

Function of microvilli

Answer 5

Increase surface area

Question 6

Hair like projections that aide with movement of contents across the cell and/or moving the cell itself

Answer 6

Cilia

Question 7

Mostly glycoproteins, acts as an adhesive sheet, selective filter, and scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

Answer 7

Non-cellular basal lamina

Question 8

Characteristic #2 of epithelial tissue, characterized by tight junction, desmosomes, and the thought of “holding hands”

Answer 8

Specialized contacts

Question 9

Characteristic #3 of epithelial tissue, characterized by being supported by another specific tissue

Answer 9

Connective tissue support

Question 10

Superficial end of connective tissue, deep to basal lamina, connects to form a stronger support connection

Answer 10

Reticular lamina

Question 11

Basal lamina + reticular lamina, reinforces the epithelium, resists stretching and tearing, and defines epithelial boundaries

Answer 11

Basement membrane

Question 12

Characteristic #4 of epithelial tissue, characterized with no blood vessels but nerves

Answer 12

Avascular but innervated

Question 13

Characteristic #5 of epithelial tissue, characterized by fixing and repairing damaged tissue

Answer 13

Regeneration

Question 14

Two names in epithelial cells

Answer 14

Number of cell layers and shape

Question 15

Single layer

Answer 15

Simple

Question 16

Two or more layers

Answer 16

Stratified

Question 17

Epithelial cell that is flattened and scale like, and the nucleus is flattened

Answer 17

Squamous cell

Question 18

Epithelial cell that is boxlike and the nucleus is round

Answer 18

Cuboidal cell

Question 19

Epithelial cells that are tall, column shaped, and the nucleus is elongated

Answer 19

Columnar cell

Question 20

How is the nucleus shaped in epithelial cells

Answer 20

Takes shape of the cell

Question 21

How do we classify the shape of stratified epithelial cells?

Answer 21

By the most superficial layer

Question 22

Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei

Answer 22

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 23

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 23

Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. Secretes lubricating substances in serosae

Question 24

Examples of where simple squamous epithelium are found

Answer 24

Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lining of central body cavity

Question 25

What are the two additional locations of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 25

The endothelium and mesothelium

Question 26

What is the endothelium

Answer 26

Lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and the heart

Question 27

What is the mesothelium

Answer 27

The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

Question 28

Single layer of cube-like. Rolls with large, spherical nuclei

Answer 28

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 29

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 29

Secretion and absorption

Question 30

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found

Answer 30

Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and the ovary surface

Question 31

Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, some cells bear cilia, layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

Answer 31

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 32

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium

Answer 32

Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. If they are ciliated, they propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

Question 33

Locations of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 33

Most of the lining in digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands

Question 34

Locations of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 34

Lining of small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

Question 35

Single layers of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

Answer 35

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 36

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 36

Secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Question 37

Location of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 37

Male sperm-carrying ducts

Question 38

Location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 38

Lining of the Upper respiratory tract

Question 39

Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are squamous. Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized

Answer 39

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 40

Function of stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 40

Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Question 41

Locations of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 41

Linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Question 42

Locations of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 42

The skin

Question 43

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch

Answer 43

Transitional epithelium

Question 44

Function of transitional epithelium

Answer 44

Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

Question 45

Locations of transitional epithelium

Answer 45

Urinary tract, lining of ureters, bladder, and parts of urethra

Question 46

Two things that glandular epithelia are classified by

Answer 46

Where the product is released and number of cells

Question 47

Release inside the body

Answer 47

Endocrine

Question 48

Release outside the body

Answer 48

Exocrine

Question 49

Gland that secretes by exocytosis, gland that lives. Ex: sweat gland

Answer 49

Merocrine gland

Question 50

Gland that accumulates product and then explodes, gland that dies. Ex: oil gland

Answer 50

Holocrine gland

Question 51

4 types of connective tissue

Answer 51

1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood

Question 52

5 functions of connective tissue (think overall, fat, fat, fat, and blood)

Answer 52

1. Binding and support 2. Protection 3. Insulation 4. Strong reserve fuel 5. Transport substances

Question 53

3 common characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 53

1. Mostly non-living 2. Common origin - mesenchyme 3. Vary greatly in vascularity

Question 54

3 structural elements of connective tissue

Answer 54

1. Ground substances 2. Fibers 3. Cells

Question 55

Ground substance 1: fluid that carries substances between blood and tissue cells

Answer 55

Interstitial fluid

Question 56

Ground substance 2: attaches cells to cell matrix

Answer 56

Cell adhesion proteins

Question 57

Ground substance 3: protein core with polysaccharides attached

Answer 57

Proteoglycans

Question 58

What are the polysaccharides on proteoglycans called

Answer 58

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 59

More GAGs = more....

Answer 59

Viscous

Question 60

Connective tissue fiber with high tensile strength

Answer 60

Collagen structure

Question 61

Connective tissue fiber that stretches/is elastic

Answer 61

Elastin structure

Question 62

Connective tissue fibers that are a fuzzy network and are more delicate

Answer 62

Reticular structure

Question 63

Cell type in connective tissue fiber

Answer 63

Fibroblast

Question 64

Cell type in cartilage

Answer 64

Chondroblast

Question 65

Cell type in bone

Answer 65

Osteoblasts

Question 66

Blast =

Answer 66

Immature (active version of cell)

Question 67

Cyte =

Answer 67

Mature (maintaining version of cell)