CHAPTER 4: TISSUES Flashcards
What is the order of structures, from smallest to largest?
cell
tissues
organs
organ systems
What is a Tissue?
A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function
4 Major Tissue Types and Their Function
- Connective: bind & supports body parts
- Muscular: moves the body and its parts
- Nervous: receives stimuli & conducts nerve impulses
- Epithelial: covers body surfaces & lines body cavities
Connective Tissue
- Function: binds & supports parts of the body
- Structure: loose cells surrounded by a protein matrix
3 Types of Connective Tissue
- Fibrous:
- Supportive:
- Fluid:
Connective Tissue is composed of:
-specialized cells
-ground substance: fills space between cells, can be solid or fluid
protein fibers
-The ground substance and protein fibers together make up the matrix of the tissue.
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Contains fibroblast cells in a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers
Loose fibrous connective tissue
- is found supporting epithelium and many internal organs
- Adipose tissue: is a special loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored
Dense fibrous connective tissue
contains many collagen fibers packed together
tendon & ligament
tendon: connects muscle to bone
ligament: connects bone to bone at joints
Cartilage structure
- Cells are in chambers called lacunae .
- The matrix is solid but flexible .
2 Types of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
- description: fine collagen fibers
- -location: nose, ends of long bones & fetal skeleton
Elastic cartilage
- description: more elastic fibers than collagen fibers
- location: Outer ear
Fibrocartilage
- description: strong collagen fibers
- location: disks between vertebrae
What distinguishes the 3 types of cartilage?
the types of fibers
What is the most common type of cartilage?
hyaline
bone structure
- Cells are in chambers called lacunae .
- The matrix is solid and rigid.
- The matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts
Types of Bone
Compact bone
- structure/ description: made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix & living cells & blood vessels
- location: shafts of long bone
Spongy bone
- structure/ description: an open, latticework with irregular spaces
- location: ends of long bone
Fluid Connective Tissue: blood
- The fluid matrix is called plasma .
- Blood also contains specialized cells called the formed elements
*The 3 Types of Formed Elements and their function
- Red blood Cells: carry oxygen
- White blood cells: fight infection
- Platelets: cell fragments that clot blood
Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph
- The matrix is a fluid called lymph .
- Contains white blood cells.
Muscular tissue
- made of muscle cells, also known as muscle fibers .
- Muscle cells contain the proteins actin and myosin, which are involved in muscle contraction.
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Skeletal Muscle
long cylindrical cells , multiple nuclei, striated fibers, location: attached to the bone for movement, type of movement: voluntary
Smooth Muscle
spindled cells, one nuclei, lack striations, location: walls of hollow, tubular organs & vessels, intestine, bladder, type of movement: involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
branched cells, single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells, location: heart, type of movement: involuntary
Nervous Tissue
Allows for communication between cells
- Receives sensory information (input)
- Processes the information (data processing)
- Generates a motor response (output)
2 Major Cell Types
- Neuron = nerve cell
2. Neuroglia: support/ helper cells
The 3 parts of a neuron are:
- dendrites
- cell body
- axon
Dendrites
carry information toward the cell body
Axons
carry information away from the cell body
What is the difference between a nerve and a nerve cell?
- A nerve cell is called a neuron. The parts of a nerve cell are the cell body, dendrites and axon.
- A nerve is a bundle of axons and connective tissue. It also contains arteries and veins
Neuroglia
Function: a collection of cells that support & nourish neurons
Epithelial Tissue
Description: forms linings and barriers. Lines body cavities, covers body surfaces and found in glands
Location: Cells are anchored by a basement membrane on one side and are free (unattached) on the other side.
How Epithelial Cells are Named
Number of cell layers:
- simple: one layer of cells
- stratified: more than one layer of cells
- pseudostratified: appears to have layers but really has only one layer
Shape of cell:
- Cuboidal: cube-shaped
- Columnar: column-shaped
- Squamous: flattened
Types of Epithelial Tissue
simple squamous epithelial
- shape of cells- thin flat cells: designed for diffusion
- only 1 layer thick
- location: lining of lungs, blood vessels
simple cuboidal epithelial
- only 1 layer thick
- location: lining of kidney tubules, various glands
- absorbs molecules
simple columnar epithelial
-shape of cells: Rectangular
-Simple = 1 layer cells
Goblet cells: secrete mucus
-number of cell layers:
-function: absorption Ciliated cells line the oviduct and propel egg towards uterus
-location: lines digestive tract, oviduct
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial
- shape of cells:
- number of cell layers: 1 layer but looks like more
- contain goblet cells that secrete mucus
- function: mucus traps particles, cilia sweeps mucus to back of throat so it can be swallowed or spit out
- location: lining of trachea
stratified squamous epithelial
- shape of cells:
- number of cell layers: more than 1 layer
- function: multiple cell layers provide protection
- location: skin, nose, mouth esophagus, anal canal, cervix, vagina
organ
2 or more tissues working together to do a particular function
organ system
contains many organs that carry out a process (ex. Digestion)
The skin is an organ and contains all 4 tissues:
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Integumentary System
- The Integumentary System contains the skin and accessory organs: hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
- The skin has two main regions, the epidermis and the dermis.
- Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer located between the dermis and internal structures, where fat is stored.
Functions of Integumentary System
- Protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens and water loss
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Allows us to be aware of our surroundings through sensory receptors
- Synthesizes chemicals such as melanin and vitamin D
The Skin has 2 Regions
- epidermis
2. dermis
What kind of tissue is the epidermis composed of?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What are the specialized cells found in the epidermis, and their function?
bottom layer, divide to produce new epidermal cells
How is the epidermis made?
- The stem cells, also known as basal cells are located bottom layer
- These cells divide to produce new epidermal cells
- New skin cells become flattened and hardened as they push to the surface.
- In the Region of Keratinization cells produce a waterproof substance called keratin .
- The outer skin cell layers are dead and keratinized producing a waterproof layer.
Where is the dermis located?
The thick, inner layer of the skin
What kind of tissue is the dermis made of?
dense fibrous connective tissue
What other structures are found in the dermis?
- blood vessels, many sensory receptors and glands
- contains elastic and collagen fibers
Skin Cancer: Melanoma ABCDE
A = Asymmetry B = Border C = Color D = Diameter E = Elevated
Accessory Organs of the Skin
- Nails are derived from the epidermis. Their function is: they offer a protective covering
- Hair follicles are derived from the dermis. Hair grows from epidermal cells
- Oil glands are associated with hair. They produce sebum. The function of this is:
- -lubricates hair and skin
- -retards bacterial growth
- Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and help regulate body temperature.
Name the 11 Organ Systems in the Human Body
Integumentary Cardiovascular Lymphatic and Immune Digestive Respiratory Urinary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Reproductive
Integumentary System organs
- skin
- accessory organs
- blood vessels
- nerves
Integumentary System functions
- Protects body
- Receives sensory input
- Regulates temperature
- Makes vitamin D
Cardiovascular System organs
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
Cardiovascular System Functions
- Transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes
- Defends against disease
- Helps control temperature, fluid and pH balance
Lymphatic and Immune System organs
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic and Immune System Functions
- Helps control fluid balance
- Absorbs fats
- Defends against infectious disease
Digestive System organs
- mouth
- stomach
- esophagus
- small & large intestine
- tongue
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
Digestive System Functions
- Ingests food
- Digests food
- Absorbs nutrients
- Eliminates waste
Respiratory System organs
lungs and tubes that bring air to the lungs
Respiratory System Functions
- Maintains breathing
- Exchanges gases at lungs and tissues
- Helps control pH balance
Urinary System organs
- kidneys
- urinary bladder and tubes that carry urine
Urinary System Functions
- Excretes metabolic waste
- Helps control fluid balance
- Helps control pH balance
Skeletal System organs
bones
Skeletal System Functions
- Supports the body
- Protects body parts
- Helps move the body
- Stores minerals
- Produces blood cells
Muscular System organs
muscles
Muscular System Functions
- Maintains posture
- Moves body parts and internal organs
- Produces heat
Nervous System organs
- brain
- spinal cord
- associated nerves
Nervous System Functions
- Receives sensory input
- Processes and stores information
- Initiates motor output
- Helps coordinate organ systems
Endocrine System organs
hormonal glands
Endocrine System Functions
- Produces hormones
- Helps coordinate organ systems
- Responds to stress
- Helps regulate fluid and pH balance & metabolism
Reproductive System organs
Male: testes, other glands, penis
Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, external genitals
Reproductive System Functions
- Produces gametes (sperm & eggs)
- Transports gametes
- Produces sex hormones
- Nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females
The Human Body is Divided into 2 Main Cavities
- Ventral Cavity: located in the front or Anterior part of the body
- Dorsal Cavity: located in the back or Posterior part of the body
The Dorsal Body Cavities
- Cranial Cavity contains the brain .
- Vertebral Cavity contains the spinal cord
The Ventral Body Cavities
Ventral Cavity
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
Thoracic Cavity
The Thoracic Cavity contains:
- heart
- lungs
- esophagus
- The Thoracic Cavity is separated from the Abdominal Cavity by the diaphragm.
Abdominal Cavity
- stomach
- liver
- spleen
- pancreas
- gallbladder
- intestines
Pelvic Cavity
reproductive organs
rectum
urinary bladder
small & large intestine
Mucous membranes are found lining the
digestive
respiratory
urinary systems
fibrous connective tissue
Serous membranes
line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity, and cover the internal organs.
Pleura
line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs.
pleurisy is an infection of the lungs
Peritoneum
lines the abdominal cavity and covers its organs.
peritonitis is an infection of the abdominal cavity
Pericardium
covers the heart
Synovial membranes
line the cavities of joints.
Meninges
cover the brain and spinal cord
Homoeostasis
- the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body
- nervous and endocrine systems
