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BIO 1002 > CHAPTER 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

MATTER

A

is anything that takes up space and has mass. It is helpful to remember that matter can exist in a number of forms, including as a solid, gas, liquid, or plasma.

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2
Q

Elements

A

cannot be broken down by chemical means. A pure substance of one kind of atom

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3
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element.

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4
Q

How do atoms of different elements differ?

A

in the number of protons & neutrons they have

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5
Q

Parts of an Atom

A

Protons: positive charge
Neutrons: neutral charge
Electrons: negative charge

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6
Q

Why does an atom always have the same number of protons and electrons ?

A

so the charge on an atom is neutral

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7
Q

Structure of an atom

A

the nucleus is a central core containing protons and neutrons
the electrons are arranged in orbitals around the nucleus

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8
Q

common elements in inorganic molecules

A 
K = Potassium 
Na = Sodium 
Fe = Iron
Cl = Chlorine 
Ca= Calcium
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9
Q

common elements in organic molecules

A 
C = Carbon 
H =Hydrogen 
O =Oxygen 
N = Nitrogen 
P =Phosphorus
S = sulfur
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10
Q

An Atom will always contain the same number of …

A

protons & electrons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same atomic number but have different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ

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12
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

are useful in dating old objects

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13
Q

Radiation

A

can be harmful by damaging cells and DNA and or causing cancer

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14
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons; this makes them either positively or negatively charged particles

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

occurs between ions of the opposite charge

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16
Q

Covalent bond

A

when two atoms share electrons. Strongest bond

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

forms between slightly positive (partial + charge) and slightly negative (partial – charge) . usually occur between a hydrogen and either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom, which is sometimes called an electronegative atom. The weakest bond.

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18
Q

Electronegative atom

A

tends to attract electrons

The most common in biological atoms are O (oxygen) & N (nitrogen)

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19
Q

solute

A

substance dissolved in a liquid

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20
Q

solvent

A

the liquid the substance is dissolved in

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21
Q

solution

A

a liquid (solvent) containing dissolved substances (solute)

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22
Q

aqueous solution

A

a solution made with water

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23
Q

Name 3 properties that make water special

A
  • liquid at room temperature
  • liquid water does not change temperature quickly
  • high heat of vaporization
  • frozen water is less dense than liquid water
  • molecules of water cling together due to hydrogen bonds
24
Q

What bond holds water molecules together?

A

Hydrogen bond

25
Hydrophobic
molecules that cannot attract water; tend to attract to other polar molecules
26
Hydrophilic
molecules that can attract water; tend to attract to nonpolar molecules. When ions and molecules disperse in water, they move about and collide, allowing reactions to occur.
27
pH Scale
a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is A measure of hydrogen ion concentration A working scale between 0 & 14 pure water has a neutral pH = pH7
28
acids
are substances that release H+ when they dissociate into ions Example: HCL -> H+ CL- the higher the H + the lower the pH the pH of acidic solutions: below 7 pH
29
bases
are substances that release OH - when they dissociate into ions Example: NaOH -> Na+ + OH- the lower the H+ the higher the pH the pH of basic or alkaline solutions: above 7 pH
30
buffers
- A mixture of acid & base that helps maintain a constant pH - pH of blood 7.4 = BASE - Carbonic acid in blood acts as a ...
31
Macromolecules
- are large organic molecules made of smaller organic molecules (subunits). - Food molecules - Some molecules act as hormones - Nucleic acids are involved in genetics & inheritance
32
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
-Purpose: the removal of water that allows subunits to link together to make larger molecules -Structure: 2 monomers are connected together with a covalent bond -Is a longer or shorter molecule made? SMALL TO LARGE -Is a molecule of water used up or is a molecule of water made at the end of the reaction? PRODUCED OR MADE
33
Hydrolysis Reaction
-Purpose: the addition of water that breaks large molecules into their smaller subunits -Structure: the covalent bond between 2 subunits is broken -Is a longer or shorter molecule made? LARGE TO SMALL -Is a molecule of water used up or is a molecule of water made at the end of the reaction? USED UP
34
Carbohydrates
-General formula: CH 2 0 or H-C-OH -Simple carbohydrate: made of 1 or 2 sugar units Function: food -Monosaccharides: simple sugars, or glucose Provide immediate energy Provide energy for the cells in the body -Disaccharides: 2 sugars connected by a covalent bond that is called maltose Provide immediate energy
35
Polysaccharides:
- Complex carbohydrates - Long polymer (chain) made of sugar subunits - These subunits can be branched or unbranched
36
A type of polysaccarides: Storage
- stored form of energy in the cell = stored food - These compounds are easily broken down when the cell needs sugar for energy - Ex: starch- plant cells, glycogen- animal cells
37
A type of polysaccarides: Structural
- Structural component of the cell not food - These compounds are very stable, so they cannot be broken down - Cellulose: cell wall of plants (fiber) - Chitin: shell of insects & crustaceans
38
function of carbohydrates
- Short- term energy = sugar - Stored form of energy: Polysaccharides, such as starch or glycogen - Form structures within the cell wall ( cell wall = cellulose)
39
fiber
- Nondigestible carbohydrates from plants | - Ex: beans, peas, nuts, fruits, vegetables
40
2 types of fiber
Soluble: - Combines with cholesterol in the small intestine and prevents it from being absorbed - This may protect against heart disease Insoluble: - Promotes water absorption - Prevents constipation: extra bulk stimulates movements of small intestine & extra water makes stool easier to pass
41
Lipids
-Contain the elements: CHO some P Functions: -Molecules that do not dissolve in water = Hydrophobic -Used as energy molecules = food -Found in cell membranes -Found as fats and oils (triglycerides), phospholipids and steroids
42
3 types of lipids
``` -Triglycerides: fats & oils / fatty acids combine to form this type of lipid Function: Long term energy storage insulation against heat lost protective cushioning around organs ``` ``` -Phospholipids: orient themselves with the polar heads facing watery solutions because they contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Contain 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group Function: the main component of membranes, which are phospholipid bilayer. Structure: Glycerol 2 Fatty Acids Phosphate group Polar headgroup ``` -Steroids: different types of steroids molecules are distinguished by the type(s) of functional group(s) attached to the carbon rings structure: four fused carbon rings 3 Examples: cholesterol, cortisol, and sex hormones Function: Many steroids are hormones. Ex. Cortisol, testosterone, estrogen. Hormones are chemical signals that control many processes in the body. Some steroids have a structural function. Cholesterol is in cell membranes
43
How are phospholipids arranged in a membrane?
- The polar heads are soluble in water, so are on the surface of the membrane - The nonpolar tails are not soluble in water, so are in the middle of the membrane
44
Fats
- Usually animal origin - Solid at room temperature Function: •long-term energy storage •insulation from heat loss •cushion for organs
45
Oils
Usually plant origin | Liquid at room temperature
46
saturated and unsaturated fats
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature because all of the fatty acids in the triglyceride have only single bonds. These bonds make the fatty acid molecule straight and easy to pack together. ex: butter Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature because at least one of the fatty acids in the triglyceride has at least one double or triple bond. This kind of bond puts a bend or kink in the fatty acid molecule and makes it harder to pack together. ex: oils
47
saturated fats and your heart
Saturated fats contribute to: Atherosclerosis In Atherosclerosis fatty deposits called plaques form on the inside of blood vessels. This makes the blood vessels narrower, which reduces blood flow and o2 supply
48
Trans fat
How is trans fat made? partially hydrogenating vegetable oil Are trans fats healthy? NO
49
Polyunsaturated fat
-What is polyunsaturated fat? contain many double bonds in their Fatty Acids -Example: corn, canola, and safflower oil (best) -Is polyunsaturated fat healthy? YES
50
Which of the fats discussed is the healthiest? Which fat is the unhealthiest?
healthiest: polyunsaturated fat unhealthiest: trans fat
51
Review of Lipid Function in the Body
-Membrane Structure: phospholipids, cholesterol (a steroid) •Energy Store: triglycerides (fats & oils) •Hormones: steroids
52
Proteins
-Composed of the elements: CHONS -proteins are made of subunits called amino acids functions: -Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions -Structure -Transport -Hormones Ex. insulin -Antibodies
53
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary Structure: the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds Secondary Structure: localized folding of the amino acid chain Tertiary Structure: amino acid chain continues to fold up into its final 3D shape All proteins have structures 1-3 Quaternary Structure: when one protein subunit binds to another subunit. Only found in proteins that have more than 1 subunit.
54
Denaturation
When proteins are denatured they: unfold and no longer work properly Chemical Cause: bonds involved in 3D structure are broken and protein loses its shape Physical Cause: high temperature, change in pH, high salt
55
Nucleic Acids
Contain the elements: CHONP Nucleic acids are made of subunits called nucleotides Function: Contains Info in cell used to make proteins Examples of Nucleic Acids: RNA & DNA
56
Structure of a Nucleotide
phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base RNA: contains the sugar ribose in ribonucleotides (NTPs) DNA: contains the sugar deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleotides

BIO 1002 (3 decks)

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