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A&P I > Chapter 4: Tissue: the Living Fabric > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue: the Living Fabric Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues: definition

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Composed almost entirely of cells
  2. Form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
  3. Supported by connective tissue - reticular and basal laminae (basement membrane).
  4. Avascular but innervated - contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
  5. Regenerative - rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
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4
Q

The basement membrane is like

A

double sided sticky tape

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5
Q

How permeable is epithelial tissue to water? why?

A

Waterproof like a pool liner. It’s a continuous sheet. There are no spaced between the cells which makes it waterproof.

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6
Q

Which layer of skin is the oldest?

A

The surface. The deepest layers of skin are the newest.

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7
Q

Naming tissues - 1st name is based on…

A

number of layers. Simple, stratified

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8
Q

Tissues that are classified as simple are used for

A

filtering and diffusion

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9
Q

Tissues that are classified as stratified are

A

places that shed. surface of skin, mouth, etc

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10
Q

Naming tissues - last name is based on…

A

shape. squamous (squatty), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (column-like).

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11
Q

Epithelia: Simple Squamous - Structure

A

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

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12
Q

Epithelia: Simple Squamous - Functions

A
  1. Diffusion and filtration.

2. Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.

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13
Q

Epithelia: Simple Squamous - Locations

A

Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

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14
Q

Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal - Structure

A

Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.

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15
Q

Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal - Function

A

secretion and absorption

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16
Q

Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal - Location

A

Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface.

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17
Q

Epithelia: Simple Columnar - Structure

A

Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia. Goblet cells are often found in this layer

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18
Q

Epithelia: Simple Columnar - Function

A

absorption and secretion

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19
Q

Epithelia: Simple Columnar - Location

A

1, Nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder.

2, Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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20
Q

What to cilia do?

A

they help move substances through internal passageways

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21
Q

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar - Structure

A

Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface. Nuclei are seen at different layers

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22
Q

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar - Function

A

secretion and propulsion of mucus

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23
Q

Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar - Location

A

Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

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24
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Squamous - Structure

A

Thick membrane composed of several layers of flat-cells

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25
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Squamous - Function

A

protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion

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26
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Squamous - Location

A

Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells),
and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells).

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27
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal - Structure

A

Typically two, cubed shaped cell layers thick

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28
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal - Function

A

? Rare

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29
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal - Location

A

some sweat and mammary glands

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30
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Columnar - how often

A

limited distribution in the body

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31
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Columnar - Location

A

Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

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32
Q

Epithelia: Transitional - Structure

A

Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped

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33
Q

Epithelia: Transitional - Function

A

Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder.

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34
Q

Epithelia: Transitional - Location

A

Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

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35
Q

What is a gland?

A

a gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid

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36
Q

How are glands classified?

A
  1. Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine.

2. Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicellular

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37
Q

Glandular tissue falls under what group of tissue?

A

Epithelia

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38
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that produce hormons

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39
Q

what do endocrine glands produce?

A

secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids

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40
Q

Which are more numerous - exocrine or endocrine glands?

A

exocrine glands

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41
Q

where do exocrine glands secrete?

A

onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities

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42
Q

examples of exocrine gland secretions

A

mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands

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43
Q

what is the only important unicellular exocrine gland?

A

goblet cell

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44
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of…

A

a duct and secretory unit

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45
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are classified according to

A
  1. Simple or compound duct type.

2. Structure of their secretory units

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46
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

throughout the body. it is the most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues

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47
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper (loose or areolar).
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
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48
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binding and support
  2. Protection
  3. Insulation
  4. Transportation
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49
Q

Characteristics of Connective tissue - Connective tissues have…

A
  1. Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin.
  2. Varying degrees of vascularity.
  3. Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers .
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50
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A

ground substance and fibers

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51
Q

What embryonic layer does connective tissue arise from?

A

mesenchyme

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52
Q

What are the structural elements of connective tissue?

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Fibers
  3. Cells
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53
Q

Connective Tissue - ground substance - what is it

A

unstructured material that fills the space between cells

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54
Q

What fibers are there in connective tissue?

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

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55
Q

What cells are in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells
White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells

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56
Q

What makes up ground substance?

A
  1. Interstitial (tissue) fluid.
  2. Adhesion proteins – fibronectin and laminin
  3. Proteoglycans – glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  4. Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
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57
Q

What is the function of ground substance?

A

Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

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58
Q

Describe a collagen fiber

A

tough, provides high tensile strength

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59
Q

Describe an elastic fiber

A

long, thin fibers that allow for stretch

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60
Q

Describe a reticular fiber

A

branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks

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61
Q

How can you tell the difference between epithelial cells and connective tissue cells by appearance?

A

Epithelial - looks like houses

Connective - don’t look similar to each other. Classification is based on function, not on what it looks like

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62
Q

Which cells are more tightly linked, epithelial or connective?

A

epithelial

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63
Q

What does connective tissue have on the outside?

A

an epithelial layer

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64
Q

How many types of connective tissue fibers are there?

A

3

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65
Q

when can you see blood fibers?

A

only when blood is clotting. they stay stretched out until clotting starts, then they clump up

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66
Q

What are the adhesion proteins?

A

fibronectin and laminin

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67
Q

What is the protoeoglycan in ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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68
Q

What do GAGs do? - glycosaminoglyans

A

make a sieve to filter things in connective tissue

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69
Q

Where are fibroblasts?

A

connective tissue proper

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70
Q

Where are chondroblasts?

A

cartilage

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71
Q

Where are osteoblasts?

A

bone

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72
Q

Where are hematopoietic stem cells?

A

blood

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73
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

embryonic connective tissue

74
Q

What is mesenchyme made of?

A

gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells

75
Q

What does mesenchyme give rise to?

A

all other connective tissues

76
Q

where is mesenchyme found?

A

in the embryo

77
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Areolar - Structure

A

Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers.Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

78
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Areolar - Function

A

wraps and cushions organs

79
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Areolar - Location

A

Widely distributed throughout the body.

80
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Adipose - Structure

A

Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes

81
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Adipose - Function

A
  1. Reserves food stores,
  2. insulates against heat loss, and
  3. supports and protects
82
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Adipose - Location

A 
Found under skin, 
around kidneys, 
within abdomen, and 
in breasts. 
Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs
83
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Reticular - Structure

A

Loose ground substance with reticular fibers. Reticular cells lie in a fiber network

84
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Reticular - Function

A

Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types

85
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Reticular - Location

A

Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen

86
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular: Structure

A

Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers. Major cell type is fibroblasts

87
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular: Function

A

Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone

88
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular: Location

A

Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

89
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular: Structure

A

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers. Major cell type is fibroblasts.

90
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular: Function

A

Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength

91
Q

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular: Location

A

Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules

92
Q

Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage - Structure

A

Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers. Chondrocytes lie in lacunae

93
Q

Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage - Function

A

Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression

94
Q

Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage - Location

A

Forms the costal cartilage. Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

95
Q

Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage - Structure

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers

96
Q

Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage - Function

A

Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility

97
Q

Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage - Location

A

Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis.

98
Q

Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Structure

A

Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers

99
Q

Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Function

A

Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock

100
Q

Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Location

A

Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

101
Q

Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) - Structure

A

Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone. Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized

102
Q

Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) - Function

A

Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action. Stores calcium, minerals, and fat. Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis.

103
Q

Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) - Location

A

Bones of Skeleton

104
Q

Connective Tissue: Blood - Structure

A

Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

105
Q

Connective Tissue: Blood - Function

A

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

106
Q

Connective Tissue: Blood - Location

A

Contained within blood vessels

107
Q

How many types of cells are there in the nervous system? What are they?

A

2 - Neurons and Neuroglia

108
Q

Neuroglia -

A

support and protect neurons, do not send action potentials

109
Q

Neurons -

A

do impulse or action potential conduction

110
Q

Examples of Neuroglia

A
  1. Protoplasmic astrocyte
  2. Fibrous astrocyte
  3. Microglia
  4. Oligodendrocytes
111
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?

A

in the lymphatic system. sed to filter lymph

112
Q

Where are collagen fibers found?

A

in cartilage and calcified in bone

113
Q

When is mesenchyme undifferentiated?

A

Day 1-12 of pregnancy

114
Q

What happens on day 12 of pregnancy

A

mesenchyme forms primary layers

115
Q

what do mesenchyme cells replicate from?

A

fertilized egg - copies. undifferentiated

116
Q

Areolar connective tissue makes up

A

the basement membrane or lamina propria

fascia

117
Q

what does areolar connective tissue do?

A

sticks every layer of tissue together

118
Q

to store more fat, the adipose cells do this

A

stretch. they don’t multiply

119
Q

in males, adipose tissue is more____ because of _____

A

yellow, testosterone

120
Q

reticular connective tissue does what for other cells?

A

forms a framework, a soft internal skeleton (stroma) to support other cell types

121
Q

Reticular connective tissue is like a

A

collander

122
Q

Dense regular connective tissue looks like

A

waves. neat and parallel to each other (fibers), but not straight

123
Q

which is stronger - dense regular or irregular?

A

irregular

124
Q

Nervous Tissue: Structure

A

Branched neurons with long cellular processes and neuroglia or support cells

125
Q

Nervous Tissue: Function

A

(neuron)Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

126
Q

Nervous Tissue: Location

A

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

127
Q

How do neuroglia compare in size and number to neurons?

A

smaller but outnumber neurons by 50 times

128
Q

What is the purpose of neuroglia?

A

support cells for neurons

129
Q

What are the types of neuroglia?

A 
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells
130
Q

What are gliomas?

A

tumors - make up 1/2 of brain tumors - highly malignant - grow quickly

131
Q

Neuron Structure

A
  • *3 parts**
    1. Cell Body
    2. Dendrites
    3. Axon
132
Q

Neuron Cell Body

A

Central to neuron cell, contains typical organelles of cell. (Found in clusters in the CNS called nuclei, outside the CNS clusters are called ganglia.)

133
Q

Dendrite

A

Dendrites: Cytoplasmic processes

  1. Short, branched extensions of cell body cytoplasm
  2. Many
  3. Receive impulses and bring them to cell body.
  4. Axon hillock: point where axon attaches to cell body.
134
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

point where axon attaches to cell body

135
Q

Axon

A

Axon: Cytoplasmic process
1 long extension from cell body.
Sends impulses to another neuron, gland or muscle.
End of an axon—synaptic bulb/axon terminals—stores neurotransmitter-signal to next neuron to continue or stop an impulse. Forms synapse/junction with next neuron or effector cells. Neurotransmitter travels from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron via synaptic cleft.
May branch into collaterals

136
Q

What does an axon do?

A

sense impulses to another neuron, gland, or muscle

137
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

receives impulses and brings them to cell body

138
Q

what is the end of an axon?

A

synaptic bulb/axon terminal

139
Q

what does the axon terminal do?

A

stores neurotransmitter-signal to next neuron to continue or stop an impulse
forms synapse/junction with next neuron or effector cells

140
Q

the neurotransmitter travels from _____ to ______ via _____

A

presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft

141
Q

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - Structure

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations

142
Q

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - Function

A

Initiates and controls voluntary movement.

143
Q

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - Location

A

Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin

144
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac - Structure

A

Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalated discs

145
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac - Function

A

Propels blood into the circulation

146
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac - Location

A

Found in the walls of the heart

147
Q

Muscle Tissue: Smooth - Structure

A

Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations.

148
Q

Muscle Tissue: Smooth - Function

A

Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis).

149
Q

Muscle Tissue: Smooth - Location

A

Found in the walls of hollow organs

150
Q

Tissue trauma cases

A

inflammation

151
Q

inflammation is characterized by

A
  1. dilation of blood vessels
  2. increase in vessel permeability
  3. redness, heat, swelling, and pain
152
Q

Epithelial Membranes: Cutaneous Membrane

A

Cutaneous - skin

153
Q

Epithelial Membranes: Mucous Membrane

A

Mucous – lines body cavities open to the exterior (e.g., digestive and respiratory tracts)

154
Q

Epithelial Membranes: Serous Membrane - what are they

A

Serous – moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity

155
Q

Name the serous membranes

A 
Parietal peritoneum - gut
Visceral peritoneum - gut
Parietal pleura - lungs
Visceral pleura - lungs
Parietal pericardium - heart
Visceral pericardium - heart
156
Q

Parietal (serous membranes)

A

not against organ - more superficial

157
Q

Visceral (serous membranes)

A

against organ

158
Q

Tissue Repair steps

A
  1. Organization and restored blood supply
  2. Regeneration and fibrosis
  3. Fibrous tissue matures and begins to resemble the adjacent tissue
  4. Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
159
Q

Tissue Repair - Organization and restored blood supply - the blood clot is replaced with…

A

granulation tissue

160
Q

Tissue Repair - Regeneration and fibrosis - what happens when the surface epithelium regenerates?

A

the scab detaches

161
Q

What are the primary germ layers?

A

3 layers of cells formed early in embryonic development

  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
162
Q

The primary germ layers specialize to

A

form the four primary tissues

163
Q

Nerve tissue arises from

A

ectoderm

164
Q

Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and mesothelium arise from

A

mesoderm

165
Q

most mucosae arse from

A

endoderm

166
Q

epithelial tissues arise from

A

all three germ layers

167
Q

ectoderm becomes

A

nerve tissue

168
Q

mesoderm becomes

A

Muscle,
connective tissue,
endothelium, and
mesothelium

169
Q

endoderm becomes

A

mucosae

170
Q

What are fontanels made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

171
Q

Why doesn’t cartilage heal well?

A

because it’s avascular

172
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

without blood supply

173
Q

Which connective tissue has the most collagen?

A

fibrocartilage

174
Q

What makes the matrix of osseos tissue hard?

A

calcium

175
Q

How does bone get nutrients?

A

It is vascularized. The central canal is a blood vessel. The little striations radiating out from the center are tiny blood supplies. They are little canals through the bone.

176
Q

Which blood cells are nucleated?

A

White blood cells

177
Q

which blood cells are not nucleated?

A

red blood cells, plasma

178
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

ONLY in the heart

179
Q

what kind of muscle is found in the blood vessels?

A

smooth muscle

180
Q

what is the function of intercalated discs?

A

to synchronize the contraction of cardiac muscle fibers so that the muscle pumps as a whole unit

181
Q

what layers are all of the “tubes” of the body comprised of?

A

epithelial
connective
smooth

A&P I (4 decks)

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