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A&P I > Chapter 1: The Human Body, an Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body, an Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Types of Anatomy

A
  1. Gross or macroscopic
  2. Microscopic
  3. Developmental
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3
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

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4
Q

Types of Gross Anatomy

A
  1. Regional
  2. Systemic
  3. Surface
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5
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All structures in one part of the body

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6
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Gross anatomy of the body studied by system

such as the abdomen or leg

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7
Q

Surface

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

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8
Q

Type of Microscopic Anatomy

A
  1. Cytology

2. Histology

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9
Q

Cytology definition

A

Study of the cell

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10
Q

Histology definition

A

Study of tissues

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11
Q

Types of Developmental Anatomy

A
  1. Traces structural changes throughout life

2. Embryology

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12
Q

Embryology definition

A

Study of developmental changes of the body before birth

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13
Q

Specialized Branches of Anatomy

A
  1. Pathological Anatomy
  2. Radiographic Anatomy
  3. Molecular biology
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14
Q

Pathological Anatomy definition

A

Study of structural changes caused by disease

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15
Q

Radiographic Anatomy definition

A

Study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans

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16
Q

Molecular biology definition

A

Study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level

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17
Q

Physiology considers…

A

the operation of specific organ systems

  1. Renal
  2. Neurophysiology
  3. Cardiovascular
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18
Q

Renal

A

kidney function

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19
Q

Neurophysiology

A

workings of the nervous system

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20
Q

Cardiovascular

A

operation of the heart and blood vessels

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21
Q

Physiology focuses on…

A

the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level

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22
Q

Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of…

A

physics, which explains

  1. electrical currents
  2. blood pressure
  3. the way muscle uses bone for movement
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23
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A
  1. Functions always reflects structure

2. What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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24
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A
  1. Chemical - atoms combined to form molecules
  2. Cellular - cells are made of molecules
  3. Tissue - groups of cells working together to perform a specific funtion
  4. Organ - group of tissues working together to perform a specific funtion
  5. Organ system - group of organs working together to perform a specific function
  6. Organismal - made up of the organ systems.
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25
Q

Levels of Structural Organization: Chemical

A

Chemical - atoms combined to form molecules

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26
Q

Levels of Structural Organization: Cellular

A

Cellular - cells are made of molecules

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27
Q

Levels of Structural Organization: Tissue

A

Tissue - groups of cells working together to perform a specific function

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28
Q

Levels of Structural Organization: Organ

A

Organ - group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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29
Q

Levels of Structural Organization: Organ system

A

Organ system - group of organs working together to perform a specific function

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30
Q

Levels of Structural Organization: Organismal

A

Organismal - made up of the organ systems.

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31
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms the external body covering

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32
Q

Integumentary System: Structure

A 
composed of the 
skin, 
sweat glands, 
oil glands, 
hair, and 
nails
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33
Q

Integumentary System: Function

A

Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

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34
Q

Skeletal System: Structure

A

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments

35
Q

Skeletal System: Function

A
  1. Protects and supports body organs
  2. Provides the framework for muscles
  3. Site of blood cell formation
  4. Stores minerals
36
Q

Muscular System: Structure

A

Composed of muscles and tendons

37
Q

Muscular System: Functions

A
  1. Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
  2. Maintains posture
  3. Produces heat
38
Q

Nervous System: Structure

A

Composed of the
brain,
spinal column, and
nerves

39
Q

Nervous System: Functions

A
  1. Is the fast-acting control system of the body

2. Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

40
Q

Endocrine System: Structure

A 
1. Endocrine glands: 
pituitary, 
thyroid, 
parathyroid, 
adrenal, 
pineal and 
thymus glands
2. Endocrine Organs: 
hypothalamus (neuroendocrine organ), 
pancreas, 
gonads (testes and ovaries)
41
Q

Endocrine System: Functions

A
  1. Progressive response: Hours to days
  2. Influences metabolic activity through hormones (chemical messengers released into the blood to be transported through body)
42
Q

How are hormones delivered?

A

Through the blood

43
Q

What is the slower response system in the body?

A

The endocrine system

44
Q

What is the faster response system in the body?

A

The nervous system, but it is shorter lasting

45
Q

How can the levels of Structural Organization be organized?

A

Like a pyramid, from chemical on the bottom to organismal on the top. The higher you go the few of that thing there are

46
Q

Cardiovascular System: Structure

A

Composed of the heart and blood vessels

47
Q

Cardiovascular System: Functions

A
  1. The heart pumps blood

2. The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

48
Q

How does the heart determine it’s rhythm?

A

It is self-regulated, but is influenced by the brain

49
Q

Where is the lymphatic system housed?

A

In the lymph nodes

50
Q

Lymphatic System: Structure

A

Composed of:

  1. Red bone marrow
  2. Thymus
  3. Spleen
  4. Lymph nodes
  5. Lymphatic Vessels
51
Q

Lymphatic System: Functions

A
  1. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
  2. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  3. Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
52
Q

Respiratory System: Structure

A

Composed of:

  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Trachea
  4. Bronchi
  5. Lungs
53
Q

Respiratory System: Functions

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

54
Q

Digestive System: Structure

A

Composed of the

  1. Oral cavity
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intestine
  6. Rectum
  7. Anus
  8. Liver
55
Q

Digestive System: Functions

A
  1. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
  2. Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
56
Q

Urinary System: Structure

A

Composed of

  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
57
Q

Urinary System: Functions

A
  1. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

2. Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

58
Q

Male Reproductive System: Structure

A

Composed of:

  1. Prostate gland
  2. Penis
  3. Testes
  4. Scrotum
  5. Ductus deferens
59
Q

Male Reproductive System: Functions

A
  1. Main function is the production of offspring
  2. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
  3. Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
60
Q

What is the most important job of the respiratory system?

A

Removing carbond dioxide

61
Q

Female Reproductive System: Structure

A

Composed of:

  1. Mammary Glands
  2. Ovaries
  3. Uterine tubes
  4. Uterus
  5. Vagina
62
Q

Female Reproductive System: Functions

A
  1. Main function is the production of offspring
  2. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
  3. Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
  4. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.
63
Q

Organ Systems Interrelationships - Text

A
  1. The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment.
  2. Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen.
  3. Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
  4. Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems.
64
Q

Organ Systems Interrelationships - Diagram

65
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries - the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
  2. Movement - locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
  3. Responsiveness - ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
  4. Digestion - breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
  5. Metabolism - all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
  6. Excretion - removal of wastes from the body (sweat, feces, urine, etc)
  7. Reproduction - cellular and organismal levels
    - Cellular - an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
    - Organismal - sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
  8. Growth - increase in size of a body part or of the organism
66
Q

Survival Needs

A
  1. Nutrients - needed for energy and cell building
  2. Oxygen - necessary for metabolic reactions
  3. Water - provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
  4. Normal body temperature - necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
  5. Atmospheric pressure - required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
67
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

68
Q

The internal environment of the body s in a…

A

dynamic state of equilibrium

69
Q

What factors interact to maintain homeostatis

A

chemical factors
thermal factors
neural factors

70
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A

Variables produce a change in the body

3 interdependent components of conrol mechanisms

  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
71
Q

Receptor

A

monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)

72
Q

Control center

A

determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

73
Q

Effector

A

provides the means to respond to the stimuli

74
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms: Diagram

75
Q

Negative Feedback

A

In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus

Example: Regulation of room temperature - thermostat

76
Q

Negative Feedback: Diagram

77
Q

Positive Feedback

A

In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Examples:

  1. Regulation of blood clotting
  2. Labor
78
Q

Positive Feedback: Diagram

79
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium

80
Q

Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows….

A

destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

81
Q

When does homeostatic imbalance occur?

A

During disease. Disease occurs when the body cannot maintain homeostasis.

82
Q

Body Cavities

A
  1. Dorsal
    - Cranial
    - Vertebral
  2. Ventral
    - Thoracic
    - —- 2 pleural cavities (houses lungs)
    - —- Mediastinum (pericardial cavity; surrounds remaining thoracic organs)
    - —-Pericardial cavity (encloses the heart)
    - Abdominopelvic
    - —- Abdominal (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, other organs)
    - —- Pelvic (lies within pelvis and contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)
  3. Oral and digestive (mouth and cavities of the digestive organs)
  4. Nasal (located within and posterior to the nose)
  5. Orbital (house the eyes)
  6. Middle Ear (contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations)
  7. Synovial (joint cavities)
83
Q

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

A
  1. Parietal serosa - lines internal body walls
  2. Visceral serosa - covers the internal organs
  3. Serous fluid - separates the serosa

A&P I (4 decks)

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