Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Oganization

Question 1

Epithelial Tissue Location

Answer 1

Every exposed body surface

Question 2

Epithelial Function

Answer 2

Provides physical protection, controls permeability and absorption, secretion and filtration

Question 3

Cellularity of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

composed of closely packed cells with very little intracellular material

Question 4

Specialized contacts of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

cells that fit close together by means of tight junctions

Question 5

Polarity of epithelial tissue

Answer 5

Always have an exposed surface and a basal surface attached to another tissue. cytoplasmic components are unevenly distributed.

Question 6

Avascularity of epithelial tissue

Answer 6

No blood vessels nutrients are obtained by diffusion or absorption. there is also a large nerve supply.

Question 7

Basal Lamina of epithelial tissue

Answer 7

Layer found next to the connective tissue

Question 8

Regeneration of epithelial tissue

Answer 8

Continuous cell division

Question 9

Basement Membrane of epithelial tissue

Answer 9

Consists of a layer closer to the epithelium, a basal lamina and reticular lamina, the deepest layer.

Question 10

Squamous epithelial cells

Answer 10

usually, thin, flat, irregular, and nucleus is newar the surface

Question 11

Cuboidal epithelial cells

Answer 11

Look like cubes, hexagonal shaped. Nucleus is in the center

Question 12

Columnar epithelial cells

Answer 12

Tall with the nucleus near the basement membrane

Question 13

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Answer 13

Flat and scale-like. Absorption, secretion, and filtration by diffusion. Large nucleus and little cytoplasm. Found in airsacs of lungs, kidney, heart, and blood vessels.

Question 14

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

Answer 14

Single later, tall and wide. Function in secretion and absorption. Found in kidney microvilli, glands, and ovules.

Question 15

Simple Columnar Epithelia

Answer 15

Tall, closely-packed, oval nucleus towards the bottom. Used for absorption and secretion. If secretion, elaborate golgi apparatus and ER. Found in digestive tract, where there’s dense microvilli, goblet cells. Found ciliated in oviducts and respiratory tract.

Question 16

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Answer 16

External skin surface. Several layers, squamous on surface, basal cuboidal or columnar (can be mixed). Covers the tongue, mouth, and vagina.

Question 17

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia

Answer 17

Mostly in glands. Very rare

Question 18

Stratified Columnar Epithelia

Answer 18

Rare, used for protection and secretion. in stomach junction, pharynx, and male urethra.

Question 19

Pseudostratified Epithelia

Answer 19

One layer, but looks like more

Question 20

Transitional Epithelia

Answer 20

Lining of the urinary organs. It stretches.

Question 21

Mucus membrane

Answer 21

Lines body cavities, open to the exterior. There for absorption and secretion. Have a lamina propria, connective tissue lying under the epithelial sheet

Question 22

Cutaneous Membrane

Answer 22

Found in the skin

Question 23

Serous membrane

Answer 23

Found in ventral body cavities. Most have a visceral and a parietal layer. They protect and lubricate.

Question 24

Gland

Answer 24

one or more cells that produce and secrete a product

Question 25

Endocrine

Answer 25

ductless glands that secrete hormones

Question 26

Exocrine

Answer 26

More numerous than endocrine glands. Secrete into ducts. Unicellular produce mucin and don't have ducts. Multicellular are either simple, single or branched, or compound, have branched/divided ducts.

Question 27

Tubular Glands

Answer 27

have secreion cells in the form of a tube

Question 28

Alveolar Glands

Answer 28

cells are in small sacks

Question 29

Tubuloalveolar Glands

Answer 29

cells are shaped like both tubes and sacks

Question 30

Merocrine Glands

Answer 30

Mostly exocrine, secrete by exocytosis

Question 31

Holocrine Glands

Answer 31

Cell fills up, then bursts

Question 32

Apocrine Glands

Answer 32

Apex fills, pinches off, then secretion is released.

Question 33

Serous Gland

Answer 33

Secretes watery substance

Question 34

Mucous Gland

Answer 34

Secretes mucin

Question 35

Connective Tissue

Answer 35

Most abundant type. Arises from the mesenchyme. Has various degrees of vascularity from none to abundant. It's matrix is composed for non-living material.

Question 36

Connective Tissue Functions

Answer 36

Binding, support, protection, insulation, and transportation.

Question 37

Ground Substance of connective tissue

Answer 37

Fluid that fills the space between the cells and contains fibers. It functions as a filter.

Question 38

Fibers of connective tissue

Answer 38

Extracellular protein. Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. Also known as adhesive proteins.

Question 39

4 Types of Connective Tissue

Answer 39

1) Connective Tissue Proper ( Fibroblasts) 2) Cartilage (Chondroblasts) 3) Bone (Osteoblasts) 4) Blood (Hemocytoblasts

Question 40

Areaolar Connective Tissue (Loose)

Answer 40

Semifluid ground substance. Has all 3 fiber types. Serves as a packing around organs, provides cushioning, supports epithelium, surrounds blod vessels, and stores fat.

Question 41

Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose)

Answer 41

Large number of adipocytes. Mostly cellular, very little matrix. Protects and insulates, slows heat loss. Primarily for nutrient storage.

Question 42

Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose)

Answer 42

Has fibers in its loose ground. Found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Question 43

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Answer 43

Usually collagen, very loosely packed. They form tendons and ligaments.

Question 44

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Answer 44

Irregular arrangement of collagen. Found in the dermis of the skin

Question 45

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

Answer 45

Has elastic fibers, can stretch more than the others. Found in the aorta.

Question 46

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 46

Most abundant type of cartilage. Provides firm support. Has collagen fibers, and is the base structure of the fetal skeleton.

Question 47

Cartilage

Answer 47

Gel matrix with mineral deposits. It lacks nerve fibers and is avascular.

Question 48

Fibrocartilage

Answer 48

Thick collagen. Found in the intervertebral discs and knee cartilage. Gives strong support and withstands heavy pressure.

Question 49

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 49

Has elastic fibers in its matrix. Found in the ear and epiglottis.

Question 50

Blood

Answer 50

a fluid connective tissue. Cells are suspended in a water matrix with dissolved proteins. Ex: RBCs and WBCs in a fluid matrix called plasma.

Question 51

Bone

Answer 51

a calcified matrix there to support and protect

Question 52

Mesenchyme

Answer 52

embryonic connective tissue

Question 53

Muscle tissue

Answer 53

Elongated and highly cellular

Question 54

3 types of Muscle tissue

Answer 54

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Question 55

Nervous tissue

Answer 55

Found in the nervous system, brain and spinal cord. Regulates and controls body functions.

Question 56

2 major cell types of nervous tissue

Answer 56

Neurons - generate and conduct impulses | Neuroglial cells - non conducting, but support and protect the neurons.

Question 57

Tissue Repair

Answer 57

Inflammatory response, when tissue is injured. It is non specific

Question 58

Regeneration

Answer 58

Regenerate the same type of cell

Question 59

Fibrosis

Answer 59

Damaged tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue

Question 60

3 Develeopmental Germ Layers

Answer 60

1) Ectoderm 2) Mesoderm 3) Endoderm